This book provides a comprehensive overview on the recent significant advancements of conductive polymers and their composites in terms of conductive mechanism, fabrication strategies, important properties, and various promising applications. The corresponding knowledge was systematically compiled in the logical order and demonstrated as seven chapters. The special structure, influencing factors of the conductivity, the charge carrier transport model, the wettability and classical categories of the conductive polymers are narrated. Both conventional and novel strategies undertaken to fabricate the conductive polymers are introduced, as provided the overall master of the progress. In comparison with the bulk counterpart, nanostructured conductive polymers with different dimensions such as nanospheres, nano-networks, nanotubes and nanowire arrays are produced through distinct methods, thus presenting unique and distinct performance endowed by the nanometer scale. The combination of conductive polymers with other functional materials results in a number of the composites with improved properties by synergistic effect. The superior performance of conductive polymers and their composites greatly facilitates their development toward various important applications in the advanced and sophisticated fields such as biological utilization, energy storage and sensors. Due to their excellent biocompatibility, conductive polymers and their composites stand out to be useful in the biological field including tissue engineering, drug delivery and artificial muscle. To meet the urgent demand of the energy storage, conductive polymers and their composites play an important role in the devices including supercapacitors, solar cells and fuel cells. Finally, development of conductive polymers and their composites in the modern industry is greatly enhanced by their applications in smart sensors such as conductometric sensors, gravimetric sensors, optical sensors, chemical sensors and biosensors. This book has significant value for researchers, graduate students, and engineers carrying out the fundamental research or industrial production of conductive polymers and their composites.
Author(s): Yanmin Wang, Wei Feng
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 350
City: Singapore
Contents
1 Introduction of Conductive Polymers
1.1 Electrical Properties
1.1.1 Doping of Conductive Polymers
1.1.2 Temperature Dependence
1.1.3 Charge Carrier Transport Models
1.1.4 Multiscale Charge Transport
1.1.5 Multilevel Investigation of Charge Transport
1.1.6 Effect of Film Morphology on the Charge Transport
1.1.7 Opportunities for Improving Charge Transport
1.2 Electrochemical Properties
1.2.1 Reversible Oxidation/Reduction
1.2.2 Pseudocapacitance
1.2.3 Electrochromism
1.3 Wettability of Conductive Polymers
1.3.1 Formation of Soluble Polymers
1.3.2 Formation of Micro-/Nanostructures in Solution by Self-Assembly
1.3.3 Use of Hydrophobic Doping Ions
1.3.4 Grafting of Substituent on the Monomer Before Polymerization
1.3.5 Vapor-Phase Polymerization
1.4 Polyacetylene
1.4.1 Properties and Structure
1.4.2 Polyacetylene Synthesis
1.5 Polythiophene
1.5.1 Properties and Structure
1.5.2 Compound
1.6 Polypyrrole
1.7 Polyaniline
References
2 Preparation of Conductive Polymers
2.1 Electrochemical Polymerization
2.1.1 Principles of Electrochemical Polymerization of Aromatic Monomers
2.1.2 2D Conductive Polymers Prepared by Electrochemical Polymerization
2.2 Photopolymerization
2.2.1 Photopolymerizations Leading to CPs
2.3 Direct Arylation Polymerization
2.3.1 Direct Arylation Polycondensation (DArP)
2.3.2 Oxidative Direct Arylation Polymerization (Oxi-DArP)
2.3.3 Mechanisms of Direct (Hetero)arylation Reactions
2.4 Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) Polymerization
2.5 Biocatalytic Synthesis
2.6 Vapor Phase Oxidative Synthesis
2.6.1 Vapor Phase Polymerization (VPP)
2.6.2 Oxidative Chemical Vapor Deposition
2.7 Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation
2.7.1 Choice of Functional Groups and Crosscoupling
2.7.2 Choice of Transition Metal Catalyst
2.7.3 New Monomers and Catalysts for CTP
2.8 Controlled Polymerization
2.8.1 Polyphenylenes
2.8.2 Polythiophenes
References
3 Nanostructured Conductive Polymers
3.1 Synthesis of Nanostructured Conductive Polymers
3.1.1 Fabrication of Conductive Polymer Nanoparticles
3.1.2 Template-Based Approaches
3.1.3 Template-Free Approaches
3.1.4 Electrosynthesis
3.2 Conductive Polymer Nanostructure with Different Dimensions
3.2.1 Conductive Polymer Nanoparticles
3.2.2 One-Dimensional Conductive Polymers
3.2.3 Conductive Polymer Nanowire Arrays
References
4 Conductive Polymer Composites
4.1 Conductive Polymer–Noble Metal Nanoparticle Hybrids/Composites
4.1.1 CP and NMNP Composites
4.1.2 CPs and Noble Metal Ions
4.1.3 Monomers and NMNPs
4.1.4 Monomers and Noble Metal Ions
4.2 Conductive Polymers/Zeolite (Nano-)Composites
4.2.1 Preparation Methods of Conductive Polymers/Zeolite (Nano-)Composites
4.2.2 Polyaniline/Zeolite (Nano-)Composites
4.2.3 Polypyrrole/Zeolite (Nano-)Composites
4.2.4 Polythiophene/Zeolite (Nano-)Composites
4.2.5 Other Conductive Polymers/Zeolite (Nano-)Composites
4.3 Conductive Polymers/Graphene Composites
4.4 Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites
4.4.1 Application of Conductive Polymer Nanocomposite
4.4.2 Nanocomposites Based on Conductive Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes
4.4.3 Conductive Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites
4.4.4 Conductive Polymer/Nanodiamond Nanocomposites
4.4.5 Electrode Materials Based on Conductive Polymers/Metal Nanocomposites
4.4.6 Nanocomposites Based on Graphene Analogous Materials and Conductive Polymers
4.5 Conductive Polymer Reinforced Polyurethane Composites
4.5.1 EMI Shielding
4.5.2 Sensors
4.5.3 Biomedical
4.5.4 Shape Memory Polymer
4.5.5 Membrane
4.5.6 Anticorrosive Coatings
4.5.7 Films
4.5.8 Foams
References
5 Conductive Polymers and Their Composites for Biological Application
5.1 Biocompatibility of Conductive Polymers
5.2 Conductive Polymers for Tissue Engineering
5.2.1 Polyaniline in Tissue Engineering
5.2.2 Polypyrrole in Tissue Engineering
5.2.3 Polythiophenes in Tissue Engineering
5.2.4 Fabrication of Conductive Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
5.2.5 Conducting Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering
5.2.6 Conductive Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
5.2.7 Conductive Biomaterials for Various Tissue Engineering Applications
5.2.8 Modification of Conductive Polymers for Tissue Engineering Applications
5.2.9 Biomimetic Conductive Polymer-Based Tissue Scaffolds
5.3 Artificial Muscles: State of the Art
5.3.1 Electrochemomechanical and Electromechanical Muscles: Electroactive Polymer Actuators
5.3.2 Bending and Linear Electrochemomechanical Artificial Muscles
5.4 Computer/Neuron Dialog: Artificial Synapses
5.5 Conductive Polymers in Bioelectronics
5.5.1 Molecular Bioelectronics
5.5.2 Selected Application of CPs in Bioelectronics
5.6 Conductive Polymers for Drug Delivery
5.6.1 Neuromodulatory Ions and Neurotransmitters
5.6.2 Drug Loading
5.6.3 Drug Release from CPs
5.7 Biodegradable and Electrically Conductive Polymers for Biomedical Applications
5.8 Engineering Antifouling Conductive Polymers for Modern Biomedical Applications
5.8.1 In Vivo Electrochemical Biosensing with High Sensitivity
5.8.2 Controlled Cell Capture and Release
5.9 3D Scaffolds Based on Conductive Polymers for Biomedical Applications
5.9.1 Tissue Engineering
5.9.2 Electric Stimulation
5.9.3 Drug Delivery
5.9.4 Biosensing
5.10 Erodible and Electrically Conductive Polymers
5.11 Current Stage and Challenges
References
6 Energy Technology Based on Conductive Polymers
6.1 Conductive Polymer-Based Supercapacitor
6.1.1 Polyaniline-Based Supercapacitor
6.1.2 Polypyrrole-Based Supercapacitor
6.1.3 Thiophene-Based Conductive Polymers for Supercapacitor
6.1.4 Comparison with Other Types of Supercapacitor Materials
6.1.5 Multidimensional Performance Optimization of Conductive Polymer-Based Supercapacitor Electrodes
6.1.6 Nanostructured Conductive Polymers for Supercapacitor
6.1.7 Flexible Supercapacitors from CP-Based Hydrogels
6.1.8 Conductive Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor
6.1.9 Present Efforts and Future Developments
6.2 Conductive Polymer-Based Solar Cells
6.2.1 Molecular Engineering (Backbone, Substituents, and Side Chains)
6.2.2 Polymer Engineering
6.2.3 Conductive Polymers as Hole Transporting Materials for Solar Cells
6.2.4 Solution-Processable Conductive Polymers as Anode Interfacial Layer Materials for Organic Solar Cells
6.2.5 Conductive Polymers as Electrodes for OSC Devices
6.2.6 Conducting Polymer-Based Anode Buffer Layers in Solar Cells
6.2.7 Conductive Polymer: Fullerene-Based Solar Cells
6.2.8 Conductive Polymers for Flexible Solar Cells
6.3 Thermoelectric Generator
6.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)
6.5 Fuel Cells
6.5.1 Utilization of Conductive Polymers in Fabricating Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (PEMs) for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
6.5.2 Aromatic Conductive Polymers-Based Catalyst Supporting Matrices for Microbial Fuel Cells
References
7 Conductive Polymers-Based Sensors
7.1 Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers
7.1.1 PANI-Based Sensors
7.1.2 PEDOT-Based Sensors
7.2 Processing of Conductive Polymers for Sensor Applications
7.2.1 Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) Films
7.2.2 Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Self-Assembly Technique
7.2.3 Other Processing Techniques
7.3 Various Types of CP-Based Sensors
7.3.1 Conductometric Sensors
7.3.2 Gravimetric Sensors
7.3.3 Optical Sensors
7.3.4 Fluorescence-Based Sensors
7.4 Properties of Conductive Polymer Hydrogels and Their Application in Sensors
7.4.1 Conductive Polymer Hydrogels (CPHs) for Sensors
7.4.2 Application of CP Hydrogel on Sensors
7.5 Conductive Polymer Composites for Sensing Applications
7.5.1 PANI Composites for Sensors
7.5.2 PPy Composites for Sensors
7.5.3 PEDOT:PSS Composite
7.5.4 Refined Chemical Sensor Systems Based on Conductive Polymer/Cyclodextrin Hybrids
7.6 Chemical Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers
7.6.1 Chemiresistors
7.6.2 Chemically Sensitive FETs
7.6.3 Capacitors and Diodes
7.6.4 Future Trends
7.7 Application of Conductive Polymers on Biosensors
7.7.1 Biosensors Utilizing the Effective Energy Transfer of CPs
7.7.2 Biosensors Utilizing the Conformational Changes of CPs
7.7.3 Organic Biosensors
7.7.4 Doped CP-Based Biosensors
7.7.5 Conductive Polymer-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
7.7.6 Conductive Polymer Nanostructures for Biosensors
7.7.7 Biosensors Based on Conductive Polymer Films with Nanofeatures
7.7.8 Biosensors Based on Conductive Polymer Nanostructures
7.7.9 Biosensor Based on Conductive Polymer Hydrogel
7.7.10 Conductive Polymer Composites to Electrochemical Biosensors
7.7.11 Application of Conductive Polymer Biosensor
7.8 Gas Sensor Based on Conductive Polymers
7.9 Perspectives
7.9.1 All-Solid-State Sensors
7.9.2 Flexible Sensors
7.9.3 Stretchable Sensors
7.9.4 Highly Sensitive Sensors
7.9.5 Highly Selective Sensors
References
