Computer-Aided Highway Engineering

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1: Project Overview and Highway Engineering
1.1 General
1.2 Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) Annuity Model
1.2.1 Concessions, Build Operate Transfer (BOT), and Design Build
1.2.1.1 Operate (DBO) Projects
1.2.2 Overview of Concessions, BOTs, and DBO Projects
1.2.3 Key Features
1.2.3.1 Concessions
1.2.3.2 BOT Projects
1.2.4 Contractual Structure
1.3 The Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM)
1.3.1 The Importance
1.3.2 Why the Project Authority, Developer Builder and Public Should Care
1.4 Feasibility Study
1.4.1 Preparation of Feasibility Studies Report (FSR)
1.5 Detail Project Report (DPR)
1.5.1 Preparing the DPR
1.5.1.1 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.5.1.2 Chapter 2: Socioeconomic Profile
1.5.1.3 Chapter 3: Traffic Surveys, Analysis, and Forecast
1.5.1.4 Chapter 4: Engineering Surveys and Investigation Report
1.5.1.5 Chapter 5: Improvement Proposals and Preliminary Design
1.5.1.6 Chapter 6: Cost Estimate
1.5.1.7 Chapter 7: Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 2: Design Standards
2.1 General
2.2 Highway Detail Engineering
2.2.1 Design Criteria
2.2.2 Terrain Classification
2.2.3 Lane Requirement
2.2.4 Lane Width
2.2.5 Shoulders
2.2.6 Medians
2.2.7 Side Slopes
2.2.8 Right of Way (ROW)
2.2.9 Cross Sectional Elements
2.2.10 Super Elevation
2.2.11 Plain and Rolling Terrain
2.2.12 Hilly Terrain
2.2.13 Standards for Interchange Elements
2.2.14 Median Openings
2.2.15 Underpasses/Cattle Crossings
2.2.16 Standards for Interchanges
2.2.17 Standards for At-Grade Intersections
2.2.18 Subsurface Drainage
2.2.19 Surface Drainage
2.2.20 Design Standards for Bridges/Structures
2.2.21 Width of New Bridges
2.2.22 Minor Bridges
2.2.23 Major Bridges
2.2.24 Rail Over Bridges (ROBs)
2.2.25 Underpasses
2.2.26 Flyovers
2.2.27 Planning for New Bridges
2.2.28 Planning for New Culverts
2.2.29 Design Loading
2.2.30 Carriageway Live Load
2.2.31 Tractive and Braking Force
2.2.32 Footpath Live Load
2.2.33 Wind Forces
2.2.34 Seismic Forces
2.2.35 Buoyancy Effects
2.2.36 Codes and Publications
2.2.37 Deck Levels of Structures
2.3 Roadway Capacity and Levels of Service (LOS)
2.3.1 Level of Service (LOS)
2.3.2 Design Vehicle
2.3.3 Capacity Analysis
2.4 Design Speed
2.4.1 Driving Speed
2.4.2 Selecting of Design Speed
2.4.3 Effect of Terrain
2.4.4 Posted Speed Related to Design Speed
2.4.5 Existing Roads
2.4.6 Locations of Changing Design Speed
2.4.7 Interchanges
2.4.8 Reduction Below Standards
2.5 Sight Distance
2.5.1 General
2.5.2 Driver’s Eye Height and Object Height
2.5.3 Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
2.5.4 Safe Passing Sight Distance (SPSD) or Overtaking Sight Distance (OSD)
2.5.5 Decision Sight Distance (DSD)
2.5.6 Maintaining Sight Distances
2.5.7 Provision of Safe Passing Site Distance
Bibliography
Chapter 3: Introduction to Computer Applications
3.1 General
3.2 Topographical Maps or Aerial Survey Data Processing
3.3 Processing of Topographic Survey Data by Total Station Instrument
3.4 Processing of Cross Section Survey Data by Autolevel Instrument
3.5 Processing of Bearing Line Survey Data
3.6 Processing of Ground Elevation Data by Satellite Downloaded from Internet
3.7 The Contours are Superimposed on the Satellite Imagery
3.8 Ground Modeling
3.9 Triangulation and Contours
3.10 Tutorial Videos
3.11 New Highway or Low-Cost Rural Road Design with Uniform Single or Dual Carriageway
3.12 New Highway, Expressway, or Freeway Design with Multiple Sections
3.13 Highway, Expressway, or Freeway Widening with Multiple Sections
3.14 Hill Road Design
3.15 Design of At-Grade Intersections
3.16 Design of Multi-Level Grade Separated Interchanges
3.17 Design of Flexible and Rigid Pavement
3.18 Design of Highway Drainage
3.19 Modes of Data Processing
3.19.1 New/Open Project Workspace
3.19.1.1 Selecting the Processing Mode as New/Open Project Workspace
3.19.2 New/Open a Project Data File
3.19.3 New/Open a Text Data File
Bibliography
Chapter 4: Topographical Survey and Data Collection
4.1 General
4.2 Topographical Surveys and Investigations
4.2.1 Reconnaissance and Alignment
4.2.2 Topographic Surveys
4.2.2.1 Longitudinal and Cross Sections
4.2.2.2 Details of Utility Services and Other Physical Features
4.3 Traverse Survey and Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) Applications
4.3.1 Correcting a Traverse by Bowditch’s Method
4.3.2 Correcting a Traverse by the Transit Rule
4.3.3 Closed Link Traverse
4.3.4 Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
4.4 Total Station Survey
4.5 Cross Section Survey by Autolevel
4.6 Geographic Coordinate System Transformations
4.6.1 Geographic Coordinate System Transformation Methods
4.6.2 Geographic Coordinate System Transformation Formulas
4.6.2.1 Geographic/Geocentric Conversions
4.6.2.2 Offsets
4.6.2.3 Geocentric Translations
4.6.2.4 Abridged Molodenski Transformation
4.6.2.5 Helmert Transformation
4.7 Computer-Aided Design of Processing for Coordinate conversion
4.8 Triangulation
4.8.1 Delaunay Triangulation and Algorithm
4.8.1.1 The Delaunay Triangulation has the Following Interesting Properties
4.8.1.2 Developing a Delaunay Triangulation
4.8.1.3 Degeneracies
4.8.1.4 Data Structures
4.8.1.5 Shape Refinement
4.8.1.6 Complexity
4.8.1.7 Environment for Implementation
4.8.1.8 Various Modules in the Triangulation Process
4.8.1.9 Application to Three-Dimensional Geoscientific Modeling
4.9 Contours
4.10 Computer-Aided Design Application in Survey Data Processing
Bibliography
Chapter 5: Design of Horizontal Alignment
5.1 General
5.2 Design Considerations
5.3 Maximum Superelevation
5.4 Minimum Curvature
5.5 Calculation of Superelevation
5.6 Transition Curves
5.6.1 Applications
5.6.2 Length of Transition Curve
5.6.3 Length of Superelevation in applications
5.6.4 Application of Superelevation
5.7 Widening on Curves
5.8 Later Clearances
5.9 Computer-Aided Design of Horizontal Alignment
Bibliography
Chapter 6: Design of Vertical Alignment
6.1 General
6.2 Design Considerations
6.3 Vertical Curves
6.4 Gradient
6.4.1 Maximum Gradient
6.4.2 Minimum Gradient
6.5 Visibility
6.6 Choice of Longitudinal Profile
6.7 Visual Appearance of Vertical Geometry
6.8 Combining Horizontal and Vertical Alignment
6.9 Vertical Clearances
6.10 Computer-Aided Design of Vertical Alignment
Bibliography
Chapter 7: Design of Cross Section Elements
7.1 General
7.2 Basic Cross Section Elements
7.3 Limits of Right of Way (ROW)
7.4 Side Slopes
7.5 Verges
7.6 Service Reservations
7.7 Shoulders and Curb Clearances
7.7.1 Shoulders
7.7.2 Curb Clearances
7.8 Clearances to Structures
7.9 Clearances to Safety Barriers
7.10 Lane Widths
7.11 Median Widths
7.11.1 Provisions
7.11.2 Narrow Medians
7.11.3 Intermediate Medians
7.11.4 Wide Medians
7.11.5 Normal Widths for Medians
7.12 Cross Slopes
7.13 Gutters and Drainage Ditches
7.14 Other Elements Within the Cross Section
7.14.1 Auxiliary Lanes
7.14.2 Service Roads
7.14.3 Bridges
7.14.4 Tunnels
7.15 Computer-Aided Design of Road Cross Sections
Bibliography
Chapter 8: Estimation of Earthwork and Pavement Quantities
8.1 General
8.1.1 Estimation of Areas and Volumes
8.1.2 Irregular Shapes
8.2 “Give and Take” Lines
8.3 Counting Squares
8.4 Trapezoidal Rule
8.5 Simpson’s Rule
8.6 Calculations for Earthwork Volumes
8.6.1 Volume from Cross Sections
8.6.1.1 Sections Level Across ( Figure 8.5)
8.6.1.2 Sections with Crossfall
8.6.1.3 Sections Part in Cut and Part in Fill (Refer to Figure 8.7)
8.6.1.4 Sections of Variable Level
8.7 Computation of Volumes
8.7.1 Volumes by Mean Areas
8.7.2 Volumes by End Areas
8.7.3 Volumes by Prismoidal Formula
8.8 Computer-Aided Estimation of Earthworks and Pavement Quantities
Bibliography
Chapter 9: Design Drawings
9.1 General
9.2 Drawings Requirement
9.3 Sequence and Scales of Drawings
9.4 Features of Drawings
9.4.1 Cover or Title Page
9.4.2 Drawing Index
9.5 Key Plan
9.6 Location Plan
9.7 Abbreviation, Symbol, and Legend Plan
9.8 Elements of Curve Plan
9.9 Superelevation Details Plan
9.10 Typical Road Cross Section and Pavement Details Plan
9.11 Alignment Control Plan
9.12 Plan Drawing and Longitudinal Profile Drawing
9.13 Plan Drawing
9.14 Longitudinal Profile Drawing
9.15 Cross Section Plan
9.16 Junction Details Plans
9.17 Junction Details
9.18 Traffic Signal Details
9.19 Road Marking Plan
9.20 Traffic, Guide, and Temporary Sign Plans
9.21 Drainage Plans
9.22 Structure Plans
9.23 Bridge Structural Plans
9.23.1 Soil Profile
9.23.2 Piles
9.23.3 Abutment and Wing Wall Details
9.23.4 Piers
9.23.5 Beams/Girders
9.23.6 Diaphragms
9.23.7 Deck Slabs
9.23.8 Handrails/Parapet and Expansion Joints
9.23.9 Water Main Brackets and Other Miscellaneous Details
9.24 Sequence and Scales for Bridge Structures
9.25 Requirement for Dimensions
9.26 Relocation of Services Plans
9.27 Miscellaneous Plan
9.28 Drawing Numbering System
9.29 Computer-Aided Design Drawings
9.29.1 Project Drawings for Plan, Profile, and Cross Sections
9.29.1.1 Drawings for Alignment Schematics
9.29.1.2 Drawings for Plan
9.29.1.3 Drawings for Profile
9.29.1.4 Drawings for Road & Ground Cross Sections
9.29.1.5 Viewing of Computer-Aided Design Drawings
9.29.1.5.1 Design Drawings
9.29.2 Create Plan Drawings by Cutting with Sheet Layout
9.29.2.1 Draw Match Lines in the Base Drawing of Full Length
9.29.2.2 Making Sheet Layouts on the Base Drawing Within Two Match Lines
9.29.2.3 User’s Input Data File with Major Option 1100
9.29.2.4 Open and Process User’s Input Data File with Major Option 1100
9.29.2.5 Viewing All the Plan Drawings each of One Kilometer Length
9.29.3 CAD Basics to Create the Plan and Profile Drawings
9.29.4 Model Drawings
9.29.5 Individual Model Drawings
Bibliography
Chapter 10: Process Project Data File and Text Data Files
10.1 General
10.2 Project Workspace
10.3 Project Data File and Batch Processing
10.4 Text Data File and Manual Processing
10.5 Computer-Aided Design Process
Bibliography
Chapter 11: Design of At-Grade Intersections
11.1 General
11.2 Design Considerations
11.2.1 Principles of Design
11.2.2 Types of Conflicting Maneuver
11.2.3 Types of At-Grade Intersection Layouts
11.2.3.1 Unchannelized and Unflared Intersections
11.2.3.2 Flared Intersections
11.2.3.3 Channelized Intersections
11.2.4 Factors Influencing Design
11.2.4.1 Traffic
11.2.4.2 Topography and Environment
11.2.4.3 Economics
11.2.4.4 Human Factors
11.2.5 Safety
11.2.6 Points of Conflict
11.2.7 Areas of Conflict
11.2.8 Major Movements
11.2.9 Control of Speed
11.2.10 Traffic Control and Geometric Design
11.2.11 Capacity
11.2.12 Location of Intersection
11.2.13 Spacing of Intersections
11.2.14 Channelization
11.2.15 Excessive Channelization
11.3 Design Controls
11.3.1 Priority Control
11.3.2 Traffic
11.3.3 Design Speed
11.3.4 Design Vehicles
11.3.4.1 “P” Design
11.3.4.2 “SU” Design
11.3.4.3 “WB-50” Design
11.3.5 Selection of Intersection Type
11.3.5.1 Roundabouts
11.3.5.2 Signal Controlled Intersections
11.3.5.3 Grade-Separated Intersections (Interchanges)
11.3.5.4 Combination and Coordination in Successive Intersections
11.4 Geometric Standards
11.4.1 General Considerations
11.4.2 Horizontal Alignment
11.4.3 Staggered T-Junctions
11.4.4 Vertical Alignment
11.4.5 Sight Distance
11.4.5.1 General
11.4.5.2 Sight Triangle
11.4.5.3 Sight Distance for Approach
11.4.5.3.1 No-Stop or No-Signal Control at Intersection
11.4.5.3.2 Signalized Intersection
11.4.5.3.3 Stop-controlled Intersection
11.4.5.4 Sight Distance for Departure
11.4.5.5 Effect of Skew
11.4.5.6 Effect of Grades
11.4.6 Right-Turn Lanes (Left-Turn Lanes for USA Style of Traffic)
11.4.6.1 General
11.4.6.2 Design Considerations
11.4.6.3 Length of Right-Turn Lanes
11.4.6.4 Width of Right-Turn Lanes
11.4.6.5 Seagull Island
11.4.6.6 Opposed Right-Turns
11.4.6.7 Central Island and Median Design
11.4.7 Left-Turn Lanes (Right-Turn Lanes for USA Style Traffic)
11.4.7.1 General
11.4.7.2 Simple Left-Turns
11.4.7.3 Separate Left-Turn Lanes
11.4.7.3.1 Design Speed of Left-Turn Lane
11.4.7.3.2 The Radius for Separate Left-Turn Lanes
11.4.7.3.3 Width of Left-Turn Lanes
11.4.8 Pavement Tapers
11.4.8.1 General
11.4.8.2 Design Principles
11.4.8.3 Taper Length
11.4.8.4 Auxiliary Lanes
11.4.8.4.1 Deceleration Lanes
11.4.8.4.2 Acceleration Lanes
11.4.8.5 Width of Auxiliary Lanes
11.4.9 Island and Openings
11.4.9.1 General
11.4.9.2 Traffic Islands
11.4.9.3 Median Islands
11.4.9.4 Median Openings
11.4.9.5 Outer Separators
11.4.10 Widening of Major Road
11.4.11 Minor Road Treatment
11.4.11.1 Types of Treatments
11.4.11.2 Guide Islands
11.4.11.3 Widening of the Minor Road
11.4.11.4 Left-Turn Lane on Minor Roads
11.4.12 Shoulders
11.4.13 Crossfall and Surface Drainage
11.5 Capacity of Intersections
11.5.1 General
11.5.2 Level of Service
11.5.3 Capacity of Unsignalized Intersections
11.5.3.1 General
11.5.3.2 Procedure
11.5.3.2.1 Basic Structures
11.5.3.2.2 Input Data Requirements
11.5.3.2.3 Conflicting Traffic
11.5.3.2.4 Critical Gap Size
11.5.3.2.5 Potential Capacity for a Movement
11.5.3.2.6 Impedance Effects
11.5.3.2.7 Shared lane Capacity
11.5.3.2.8 Reserve Capacity
11.5.3.2.9 Level of Service
11.5.3.3 Potential Improvements
11.5.4 Capacity of Signalized Intersections
11.5.4.1 General
11.5.4.2 Warrants
11.5.4.3 Intersection Capacity Characteristics
11.5.4.4 Computation Analysis
11.5.4.5 Signal Timings
11.5.5 Capacity of Roundabouts
11.5.5.1 Size of Roundabout
11.5.5.2 Capacity Calculations
11.5.5.2.1 Conventional Roundabout
11.5.5.2.2 Small Roundabout
11.5.5.2.3 Mini Roundabout
11.5.5.3 Reserve Capacity
11.6 Other Related Elements
11.6.1 Pedestrian Facilities
11.6.1.1 General
11.6.1.2 Pedestrian Crossing
11.6.2 Lighting
11.6.3 Public Utilities
11.6.4 Parking
11.6.5 Traffic Signs and Lane Markings
11.6.6 Drainage
11.6.7 Landscaping
11.6.8 Stop Line
11.6.8.1 General
11.6.8.2 Stop Line on Minor Road
11.7 General Warrants for Traffic Control Signals
11.7.1 General
11.7.2 Warrant Analysis
11.7.2.1 Warrant 1: Vehicular Operations
11.7.2.1.1 Total Volume
11.7.2.1.2 Peak Hour Volume
11.7.2.1.3 Progressive Movements
11.7.2.2 Warrant 2: Pedestrian Safety
11.8 Computer-Aided Design of At-Grade Intersections
Bibliography
Chapter 12: Design of Grade-Separated Interchanges
12.1 General
12.2 General Principles
12.2.1 Traffic and Operation
12.2.2 Site Conditions
12.2.3 Type of Highway and Intersecting Facility
12.2.4 Safety
12.2.5 Stage Development
12.2.6 Economic Factors
12.2.6.1 Initial Cost
12.2.6.2 Maintenance Cost
12.2.6.3 Vehicular Operating Cost
12.3 Justifications for Grade Separation and Interchanges
12.3.1 Design Designation
12.3.2 Elimination of Bottlenecks or Stop Congestion
12.3.3 Elimination of Hazards
12.3.4 Site Topography
12.3.5 Road-User Benefits
12.3.6 Traffic Volume Warrant
12.3.7 Other Justifications
12.3.8 Justification for Class of Road
12.4 Grade Separation Structures
12.4.1 Types of Separation Structures
12.4.1.1 General
12.4.1.2 Overpass
12.4.1.3 Underpass
12.4.2 Overpass Versus Underpass
12.4.2.1 General Design Considerations
12.4.3 Cross Section of Structures
12.4.3.1 Structure Widths
12.4.3.2 Clearances
12.4.3.3 Barriers
12.4.4 Grade-separation Without Ramps
12.5 Interchange Types
12.5.1 Three Leg Design
12.5.2 Four Leg Design
12.5.2.1 General
12.5.2.2 Ramps in one Quadrant
12.5.2.3 Diamond Interchanges
12.5.2.4 Cloverleaf
12.5.2.5 Partial Cloverleaf Ramp Arrangements
12.5.3 Directional and Semi-Directional Design
12.5.4 Rotary Design
12.5.5 Combination Interchanges
12.6 General Design Considerations
12.6.1 Interchange Type Determination
12.6.1.1.1 Systems Interchanges and Service Interchanges
12.6.1.1.2 Interchanges in Rural Area
12.6.1.1.3 Interchanges in Urban Area
12.6.1.1.4 Unbalanced Traffic Distribution
12.6.1.1.5 Cloverleaf Interchanges
12.6.1.1.6 Diamond Interchanges
12.6.1.1.7 Capacity of Crossroad
12.6.1.1.8 Factors for Type Determination
12.6.2 Approaches to the Structures
12.6.2.1 Alignment, Profile, and Cross Section
12.6.2.1.1 Major Highways
12.6.2.1.2 Cross Road
12.6.2.1.3 Alignment and Cross Section
12.6.2.2 Sight Distance
12.6.3 Interchange Spacings
12.6.4 Uniformity of Interchange Patterns
12.6.5 Route Continuity
12.6.6 Signing and Markings
12.6.7 Basic Number of Lanes
12.6.8 Coordination of Lane Balance or Basic Number of Lanes
12.6.9 Auxiliary Lanes
12.6.10 Lane Reduction
12.7 Design Elements
12.7.1 Weaving Sections
12.7.1.1 General
12.7.1.2 Design Considerations
12.7.2 Collector – Distributor Roads
12.7.2.1 General
12.7.2.2 Design Considerations
12.7.3 Exits
12.7.3.1 Exit Type 1
12.7.3.2 Exit Type 2
12.7.4 Ramps
12.7.4.1 Ramp Types
12.7.4.1.1 Diagonal
12.7.4.1.2 Loop
12.7.4.1.3 Semi-direct
12.7.4.1.4 Direct
12.7.4.2 Design Considerations
12.7.4.2.1 Design-Speeds
12.7.4.2.2 Curvature
12.7.4.2.3 Ramp Shapes
12.7.4.2.4 Sight Distance
12.7.4.2.5 Grade and Profile Design
12.7.4.2.6 Vertical Curves
12.7.4.2.7 Super Elevation and Cross Slope
12.7.4.2.8 Gores
12.7.4.3 Pavement Widths
12.7.4.3.1 The Width and Cross Section
12.7.4.3.2 Shoulders and Lateral Clearances
12.7.4.3.3 Median
12.7.4.3.4 Curbs
12.7.4.4 Ramp Terminals
12.7.4.4.1 Right-Hand Entrances and Exits
12.7.4.4.2 Terminal Locations
12.7.4.4.3 Ramp Terminal Design
12.7.4.4.4 Traffic Control on Minor Crossroads
12.7.4.4.5 Distance Between Terminal and Structure
12.7.4.4.6 Distance Between Successive Ramp Terminals
12.7.4.4.7 Speed-Change Lanes
12.7.4.4.8 Single-Lane Free Flow Terminal (Entrances)
12.7.4.4.9 Single-Lane Free Flow Terminals (Exits)
12.7.4.4.10 Multilane Free Flow Terminals
12.8 Interchange Capacity
12.8.1 General
12.8.2 Ramp Terminals
12.8.2.1 Ramp Components
12.8.2.2 Operational Characteristics
12.8.2.3 Computational Procedure for Ramp Terminals at the Expressway
12.8.3 Weaving Sections
12.8.3.1 General
12.8.3.2 Weaving Length
12.8.3.3 Configuration
12.8.3.3.1 Type A Weaving Areas
12.8.3.3.2 Type B Weaving Areas
12.8.3.3.3 Type C Weaving Areas
12.8.3.4 Weaving Width and Type of Operation
12.8.3.5 Computational Procedure for Simple Weaving Areas
12.9 Interchange Signage
12.9.1 General
12.9.2 Types of Interchange Signing
12.9.2.1 Standard Traffic Signs
12.9.2.2 Guide Signs
12.9.2.3 Gantry Signs
12.9.3 Types and Details of Grade-separated Interchanges
12.9.4 Complete and Incomplete Interchanges
12.9.4.1 Four-Way Cloverleaf Interchange Between Two Controlled Or Limited-Access Highways (System Interchange)
12.9.4.2 Stack Interchange
12.9.4.3 Cloverstack Interchange (Partial Cloverleaf Interchange)
12.9.4.4 Turbine Interchange
12.9.4.5 Roundabout Interchange
12.9.4.6 Other/Hybrid Interchanges
12.9.4.7 Full Diamond U-Turns
12.9.4.8 Three-way Interchanges
12.10 Other Design Features
12.10.1 Testing for Ease of Operation
12.10.2 Grading, Aesthetics and Landscape Development
12.10.3 Alignment Design
12.10.4 Treatment of Pedestrian Traffic
12.10.5 Lighting
12.10.6 Drainage
12.10.7 Public Utilities
12.11 Procedure for the Design of Interchanges
12.12 Computer-Aided Design of Grade Separated Interchanges
Bibliography
Chapter 13: Design of Flexible Pavement
13.1 General
13.2 Design Variables
13.2.1 Time Constraints
13.2.2 Traffic
13.2.3 Reliability
13.2.4 Environmental Effects
13.3 Performance Criteria
13.3.1 Serviceability
13.3.2 Allowable Rutting
13.3.3 Aggregate Loss
13.4 Material Properties for Design of the Pavement Structure
13.4.1 Effective Roadbed Soil Resilient Modulus
13.4.2 Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
13.4.3 Pavement Layer Materials Characterization
13.4.4 Layer Coefficients
13.5 Pavement Structural Characteristics
13.5.1 Drainage
13.6 Design Procedure
13.6.1 Determine Required Structural Number
13.6.2 Stage Construction
13.6.3 Roadbed Swelling and Frost Heave
13.6.4 Selection of Layer Thicknesses
13.6.5 Analysis for the Design of Layered Pavement System
13.7 Example from Appendix H of the AASHTO Guide
13.7.1 Design Analysis
13.7.2 Time Constraints
13.7.3 Traffic
13.7.4 Reliability
13.7.5 Environmental Impacts
13.7.6 Serviceability
13.7.7 Effective Roadbed Soil Resilient Modulus
13.7.8 Pavement Layer Materials Characterization
13.7.9 Layer Coefficients
13.7.10 Drainage Coefficients
13.7.11 Development of Initial Stage of a Design Alternative
13.7.12 Determination of Structural Layer Thicknesses for Initial Structure
13.7.13 Overlay Design
13.7.14 Summary of Design Strategy
13.8 Computer-Aided Design of Flexible Pavement in AASHTO Method
Bibliography
Chapter 14: Design of Rigid Concrete Pavement
14.1 General
14.2 Types of Rigid Concrete Pavements
14.3 Materials
14.3.1 Coarse Aggregate
14.4 Design Requirements
14.4.1 Design Inputs
14.4.2 Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
14.4.3 Pavement Layer Materials Characterization
14.4.4 PCC Modulus of Rupture
14.4.5 Layer Coefficients
14.5 Pavement Structural Characteristics
14.5.1 Drainage
14.5.2 Load Transfer
14.5.3 Loss of Support
14.6 Reinforcement Variables
14.6.1 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements
14.6.2 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements (CRCP)
14.7 Rigid Pavement Design
14.7.1 Determining the Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
14.7.2 Determine Required Slab Thickness
14.7.3 Stage Construction
14.7.4 Roadbed Swelling and Frost Heave
14.8 Rigid Pavement Joint Design
14.8.1 Joint Types
14.8.2 Joint Geometry
14.9 Rigid Pavement Reinforcement Design
14.9.1 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements
14.9.2 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements
14.9.3 Transverse Reinforcement
14.10 Computer-Aided Design of Rigid Concrete Pavement in AASHTO Method
Bibliography
Chapter 15: Design of Highway Drainage and Drainage Structures
15.1 General
15.2 Surface Drainage
15.2.1 Pavement and Shoulder Cross-Slopes
15.2.2 Side Slopes and Side Ditches
15.3 Design of Surface Drainage Systems
15.3.1 Hydrological Approaches and Concepts
15.3.1.1 Flood Hydrograph
15.3.2 Rainfall Intensity
15.3.3 Surface Runoff
15.3.4 Time of Concentration
15.3.5 The Rational Method
15.3.6 Estimating Runoff from Large Rural Drainage Basins
15.4 Design of Side Ditches and Other Open Channels
15.4.1 The Manning’s Formula
15.4.2 Energy or Head of Flow
15.5 Design of Culverts
15.5.1 Guidelines to Decide Culvert Location
15.5.2 Hydraulic Design of Culverts
15.5.2.1 Types of Culvert Flow
15.5.2.2 Culverts Flowing with Inlet Control
15.5.2.3 Culverts Flowing with Outlet Control
15.6 Drainage of City Streets
15.6.1 Pavement Crowns, Curbs and Gutters
15.6.2 Inlets
15.6.3 Catch Basins
15.6.4 Manholes
15.7 Computer-Aided Design of Highway Drainage
15.7.1 Computer-Aided Design of Highway Surface Drainage
15.7.2 Computer-Aided Stream Hydrology and Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
Bibliography
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z