Comprehensive Review of Infectious Diseases

Table of Contents
Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Introduction to the Board Exam
Abbreviations
Section 1. High Yield Microbiology
1. Bacteriology
Definitions
Gram Stain
Blood Cultures
Specimens for Bacteriology Culture
Pathogen Associations
Gastrointestinal Infections
Identification Methods
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) – Methods
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing – Interpretation
Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns – Intrinsic Resistance (Table 1.12)
Acquired Resistance Mechanisms
Potential Treatment Options for Resistant Bacteria
Antimicrobials with Poor CSF Penetration
Antimicrobials with Anaerobic Coverage
Aerobic Actinomycetes (not to be confused with Actinomyces)
Bacteria That Do Not Grow on Routine Culture Media (Table 1.14)
Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB)/Mycobacteria (see Chapters 32 and 33)
Diagnostic Methods – All Mycobacterium spp
Pathology Stains (Table 1.16)
2. Mycology
Classification of Medically Important Fungi
Definitions
Yeast and Yeast-Like Organisms (Table 2.1)
Differences among Candida spp
Thermally Dimorphic Molds (Table 2.2)
Zygomycetes Molds
Hyaline Hyphomycetes (Table 2.3)
Dematiaceous Molds (Table 2.4)
Amphotericin-Resistant Fungi
Diagnostic Methods
3. Virology
Definitions
Useful Information About Viruses
Respiratory Viruses (Table 3.2)
Viral Gastroenteritis (Table 3.4)
Arboviruses (Table 3.5)
Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
Herpesviruses (Table 3.6)
Hepatitis Viruses (Table 3.8)
Retroviruses (Table 3.11)
Other Viral Agents of Clinical Significance (Table 3.12)
4. Parasitology
Overview of Parasitology
Protozoa (Tables 4.1–4.3)
Intestinal and Urogenital Amebae, Flagellates, and Ciliates
Intestinal Coccidia and Microsporidia
Free-Living Amebae (Table 4.8)
Blood and Tissue Protozoa
Helminths
Nematodes (Roundworms)
Trematodes
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Identification of Intestinal Pathogens
Specimens and Methods for Diagnosis
Section 2. Antimicrobial Agents
5. Antibacterials
Antibacterial Classes and Mechanism of Action
Antibacterial Agents
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Antimetabolites
Summary Tables
6. Antimycobacterial Agents
Introduction
Antimycobacterial Agents
Bedaquiline
Capreomycin
Carbapenems
Cefoxitin
Clofazimine
Cycloserine
Dapsone
Delamanid
Ethambutol
Ethionamide
7. Antifungal Agents
Antifungal Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles
Antifungal Classes
Polyenes
Nucleoside Analogs
Azoles (Imidazoles and Triazoles)
Echinocandins
8. Antivirals
Antiviral Drugs Against the Herpesviruses (Herpes Simplex Virus, Varicella-
Zoster Virus, and Cytomegalovirus)
Antiviral Drugs Against Influenza A and B and Other Respiratory Viruses
Other Antivirals
9. Antiparasitic Agents
Antiparasitic Agents
Antimalarial Drugs
Agents for Leishmania and Trypanosomiasis
Agents for Other Protozoa
Antihelminth Agents
Section 3. Select Syndromes and Conditions by Body System or
Pathogen
10. Fevers and Sepsis
Fevers
Epidemiology
Clinical Approach to Fever
Clinical Approach to a Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)
Sepsis
Epidemiology
Clinical Approach to Sepsis
11. Head and Neck Infections
Ophthalmic Infections
Anatomy
Conjunctivitis
Keratitis
Uveitis
Endophthalmitis
Infections of the Head and Neck
Parotitis
Peritonsillar Abscess
Ludwig’s Angina
Vincent’s Angina
Lemierre Syndrome
Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Cervicofacial Actinomycosis
Deep Neck Space Infections
Osteomyelitis of the Jaw
12. Central Nervous System Infections
Meningitis
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Acute Viral Meningitis
Chronic Meningitis
Neurosurgical Infections
Other CNS Infections
Brain Abscess
Subdural Empyema
Epidural Abscesses
Toxin-Mediated Infection
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)
13. Respiratory Infections
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Epiglottitis
Sinusitis
Bronchitis
Pertussis
Otitis Media
community Respiratory Viruses
Influenza
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Parainfluenza Virus (PIV)
Adenovirus (AdV)
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)
Coronavirus
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Nosocomial Pneumonia
Chronic Pneumonia
Mycobacterial Pneumonia
Pleural Infections
14. Bacteremia and Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections
Definitions
Epidemiology
Gram-Positive BSI
Gram-Negative BSI
Clinical Presentation and Initial Assessment
Treatment
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI)
15. Cardiac and Cardiac Device Infections
Infections Involving Cardiac Structures
Pericarditis
Myocarditis
Rheumatic Fever
Cardiac Device-Related Infection
Mechanical Circulatory Support Device-Related Infections
Infection Involving the Mediastinum
16. Gastrointestinal Infections
Gastroenteritis
Risk Factors for Gastroenteritis
Viral Gastroenteritis
Specific Causes of Viral Gastroenteritis
Bacterial Gastrointestinal Infections
Specific Causes of Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Fresh Water Pathogens
Parasitic Causes of Diarrhea
Toxin-Mediated Gastroenteritis
Specific Causes of Toxin-Mediated Disease
17. Peritonitis, Intraabdominal Abscess, Hepatobiliary Infections, Splenic Infections
Definitions
Peritonitis
Inraabdominal Abscesses
Hepatobiliary Infection
Pancreatitis
Splenic Infection
18. Obstetric and Gynecologic Infections
Lower Genital Tract Infections
Female Pelvic Infections
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) during Pregnancy
Other Infections Complicating Pregnancy
19. Genitourinary Tract Infection
Definitions and Terminology
Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis
Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnancy
Renal Abscess
Epididymitis, Orchitis, Prostatic Infection
20. Infections of Pregnancy
Complications of Infection in Pregnancy: Overview
Coxiella burnetii
Listeriosis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease)
Measles
Parvovirus B19
Rubella
Zika
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Other Infections in Pregnancy with Adverse Maternal Outcome
21. Sexually Transmitted Infections
Definitions
Approach to the Sexual History
Inflammatory Infections
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Mycoplasma genitalium
Bacterial Vaginosis
Other Causes of Vaginitis
Genital Ulcers
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (and Type 1)
Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)
Donovanosis (granuloma inguinale)
Lipschutz Ulcer
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Other Pathogens Which May be Sexually Transmitted
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Enteric Pathogens
22. Hepatitis Viruses
Clinical Presentation of Hepatitis
Hepatitis A (HAV)
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Hepatitis C (HCV) (Fig. 22.3)
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E (Fig. 22.6)
Other Infection-related Hepatic Conditions
23. Viral Exanthems and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Introduction
Parvovirus B19
Enterovirus
Measles
Rubella
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
Human Herpes Virus 6 and 7
Other Viral Exanthems
24. Disease Due to Spirochetes, Excluding Syphilis
Spirochetes
Endemic Treponematoses
Leptospirosis
Relapsing Fevers
Lyme Borreliosis (Lyme Disease)
25. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections and Toxin-Mediated Diseases
General Principles
Major Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Folliculitis
Furuncles and Carbuncles
Erysipelas
Cellulitis
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection
Pyomyositis
Clostridial Myonecrosis
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Encountered in Unique Clinical Situations (Table
25.2)
Animal Bite Infections
Infections After Traumatic Injury
Infections Associated With Burn Injury
Surgical Site Infections
Other Organism-Specific Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Erysipelothrix Infection
Herpes Zoster
Dermatophytosis
Sporotrichosis
Differential Diagnoses for Organism-Specific Ssti BASED on Skin Lesion
Characteristics (Table 25.3)
26. Bone and Joint Infections
Diabetic Foot Infections and Associated Osteomyelitis
Septic Arthritis
Vertebral Osteomyelitis
Prosthetic Joint Infections (PJI)
27. Infections Caused by Yeasts and Yeast-Like Fungi
Cryptococcosis
Pneumocystis
Candidiasis
Other Yeasts
28. The Dimorphic Mycoses
Definitions
Histoplasma capsulatum, H. duboisii
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis, C. posadasii
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, P. lutzii
Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei
Sporothrix spp.
Emmonsia spp.
29. Monomorphic Mold Infections
Microbiology
Invasive Pulmonary Mycoses
Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Ocular Disease
Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Central Nervous System Infection
Dermatophytosis
Other Cutaneous Mold Infection
30. Arthropod-Borne Diseases
Major Arthropod-Borne Diseases in the United States
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA)
Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME)
Babesiosis
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rickettsialpox
Spotted Fever Associated with R. parkeri
STARI (Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness)
Tick Paralysis
Tickborne Relapsing Fever
Trench Fever
Typhus Fevers
Major Arthropod-Borne Diseases in the United States Transmitted by
Mosquitoes (Table 30.4)
Arthropod-Borne Illnesses Acquired Abroad
Chagas Disease
African Sleeping Sickness
Oroya Fever
African Tick Bite Fever
Other Travel-Related Vectorborne Spotted Fevers
31. Infections Associated with Animal Exposure
Leptospirosis
Bartonellosis
Brucellosis
Q Fever
Tularemia
Other Important Infections
32. Tuberculosis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Natural History
TB Infection
TB Disease: Clinical Syndromes
TB Diagnosis
Treatment
33. Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
Introduction
Clinically Important Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Other Clinically Relevant Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Species
34. Protozoa
Introduction
Blood and Tissue Protozoa
American Trypanosomiasis: Chagas Disease
African Trypanosomiasis: Sleeping Sickness
Babesiosis
Leishmaniasis
Toxoplasmosis
Intestinal Protozoa
Neobalantidiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Cyclosporiasis
Cystoisosporiasis (formerly Isosporiasis)
Amebiasis
Giardiasis
A Few More Notable Intestinal Organisms
Intestinal Pathogens: Summary
Free-Living Ameba
Naegleria
Balamuthia
Acanthamoeba
Sappinia
35. Helminths
Soil-Transmitted Helminths
Ascaris Lumbricoides (Roundworm)
Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm)
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm)
Other Nematode Roundworms
Tissue Nematodes
Dracunculiasis: Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm)
Lymphatic Filariasis: Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
Loiasis: Loa loa (African Eye Worm)
Onchocerciasis: Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness)
Other Important Tissue Nematodes
Schistosomes and Other Flukes (Trematode Flatworms)
Foodborne Trematodes (Fluke Infections)
Clonorchis sinensis (and Opisthorchis spp.): Chinese Liver Fluke
Paragonimiasis (Lung Fluke)
Fasciolopsiasis (Intestinal Trematode); Fasciolopsis Buski
Cestodes
Echinococcosis
Key Features: Summary (see Table 35.1)
Section 4. Infections in the Immunocompromised Host
36. Natural History of HIV
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Transmission
Acute/Early HIV Infection
Long Term Nonprogressor HIV Infection
Diagnostics
Prevention
37. Noninfectious Complications of HIV
Neurologic Complications
Dermatologic Manifestations
Endocrinopathy
Hematologic Manifestations
Kidney Complications
Cardiovascular Complications
Pulmonary Complications
Gastrointestinal Manifestations
Malignancies
Summary of Common HIV-Associated Conditions
38. Antiretroviral Therapy
Antiretroviral Agents
What, When, and Why of Antiretroviral Therapy
Drug–Drug Interactions
Special Considerations
39. Opportunistic Infections in HIV
Definitions
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Approach
Treatment
Prevention
Overview Of Key Opportunistic Infections
Bacterial Infections
Protozoal Infections
Viral Infections
HIV-Associated Malignancies
40. Infections in Patients with Cancer and Immunosuppressive Therapy
Febrile Neutropenia (FN)
Bloodstream Infections
Neutropenic Colitis
Pneumonia
Invasive Mold Infections (see Chapter 29)
Unique Infection Risks in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies
Infections Associated With Other Chemotherapy Agents
Infections Associated With Immunosuppressants
41. Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Introduction
Risk Assessment for Infectious Disease
Donor and Recipient Screening
Vaccinations
Timely Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Complications
42. Infections in Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients
Definitions
Epidemiology
Infections Encountered After HCT
Clinical Presentation
43. Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Definition
Presentation
Assessment
Treatment
Section 5. Specialty Topics
44. Infection Control and Prevention
Definitions
Outbreak Investigation
Infection Prevention Programs
Surveillance for HAIs
Employee Health
Antimicrobial Stewardship
45. Adult Immunization
Definitions
Vaccines Used in Adults
Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Immunization against Tuberculosis
Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Immunization
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Immunization
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Immunization
Herpes Zoster Immunization
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Immunization
Influenza Immunization
Tetanus, Diphtheria, Acellular Pertussis, and Inactivated Polio Immunization
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Immunization
Meningococcal Immunization
Pneumococcal Immunization
Immunization Recommendations Summary
46. General Principles of Travel Medicine
Pretravel Consultation
Travelers With Special Health Needs
Posttravel Evaluation
47. Bioterrorism
Background
Syndromic Awareness
Categorization of Biological Agents
Category A Organisms
Category B Organisms
48. Syndromes that Mimic Infectious Diseases
Introduction
Fever as Principal Feature
Vasculitis
Neoplastic Disorders
Autoinflammatory Diseases
Fever and Rash
Fever, Muscular Rigidity, Mental Status Change
Fever and Cytopenia
Pneumonia Mimics
Lymphadenopathy
Gastrointestinal Syndromes
Cellulitis Mimics
Osteomyelitis Mimics
Other ID Mimics
49. High Yield Biostatistics
Introduction
Definitions
Common Study Designs in Infectious Diseases
Types of Statistical Tests for Independent Samples
Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests
50. Commonly Encountered Skin Manifestations in Infectious Disease
Bacterial Skin Diseases
Mycobacterial Skin Diseases
Fungal Skin Diseases
Dimorphic Mycoses (see Chapter 28)
viral Skin Diseases
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) (see Chapter 23)
Associated with HIV/AIDS (see Chapters 37 and 39)
Parasitic Skin Diseases
Cutaneous Helminthiasis
Infestations
Summary of Cutaneous Manifestations of Infection
51. ID Memory Aids
A–Z of Zoonoses
Food Associations
Environmental Exposures
‘I say…, you say…’
Disease Associations
Clinical Clues
Hematology Hints
Micro Triggers
Pathology Prompts
Radiological Reminders
Where in the World?
Miscellaneous Mishmash
Key Antimicrobials-Associated Adverse Events
Acronyms
Section 6. Self-Assessment
Quiz 1
Quiz 2
Quiz 3
Quiz 4
Quiz 5
Quiz 6
Quiz 7
Quiz 8
Quiz 9
Section 7. Self-Assessment Answers
Answers 1
Answers 2
Answers 3
Answers 4
Answers 5
Answers 6
Answers 7
Quiz 8 Answers
Answers 9
Index