Coal-burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Treatments

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Discovery and Epidemiology of Endemic Fluorosis
Chapter 1: Discovery and Concept of Endemic Fluorosis
General Background about Fluorine
The Discovery of Endemic Fluorosis
Types of Endemic Fluorosis
Drinking Water Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Coal-Burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Brick-Tea Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Effect of Coal-Burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis on the Human Body
Molecular Mechanisms underlying the Pathological Changes Caused by Chronic Fluorosis
Clinical Treatments of Coal-Burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Epidemic Status of Coal-burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Introduction
Fluoride Metabolism
Fluoride Ingestion
Fluoride Excretion
Physiological Function of Fluoride
Epidemic Types and Features of Endemic Fluorosis
Drinking Water Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Coal-Burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Brick-Tea Type of Endemic Fluorosis
National Standards for Division of Endemic Fluorosis Area and Control of Endemic Fluorosis in China
Division Standard of Endemic Fluorosis Areas
Control Criteria for Endemic Fluorosis
A History of Discovering Coal-Burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Prevention and Control Measures of Coal-Burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Improving Stoves
Health Education
Clinical Treatments
Personalized Treatment of Dental Fluorosis
Surgical Treatment of Skeletal Fluorosis
Pharmaceutical Study on Targeting Endemic Fluorosis
Other Measures
Conclusion
References
Part II: Pathological Changes of Endemic (Chronic) Fluorosis
Chapter 3: Skeletal Fluorosis
Introduction
Clinical Manifestations and Pathological Features of Skeletal Fluorosis
Fluoride Metabolism and Its Correlation with Bone Tissue
Clinical Manifestations of Skeletal Fluorosis
Pathological Features of Skeletal Fluorosis
Imbalance of Bone Turnover in Chronic Fluorosis
Dynamic Imbalance of Bone Turnover
Important Factors and Signal Pathways Associated with Imbalance in Bone Turnover
Disorder of Calcium
Low Ca2+ in External Environment
Increased Intracellular Ca2+
Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Correlated with Skeletal Fluorosis
Hormonal Regulatory Mechanism in the Procedure of Skeletal Fluorosis
Genetic Susceptibility and Epigenetics
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Medical Imaging Manifestation of Skeletal Fluorosis
Introduction
Manifestation and Epidemic Characteristic of Skeletal Fluorosis
Prevalence of Skeletal Fluorosis
Etiology, Pathology, and Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
Clinical Manifestation of Skeletal Fluorosis
Medical Imaging Check
X-ray Results
Computerized Tomography (CT) Manifestation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Manifestation
Single Photon Emission CT (SPECT) Manifestation
Diagnosis Criteria of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis in China
Scope
Terminology and Definition
Evidence of Diagnosis
Principle of Diagnosis
Division Criteria of Diagnosis
Clinical Diagnosis and Division
X-ray Results of Diagnosis and Division
Prerequisites of Bone and Articular X-ray Check
Differential Diagnosis
Imaging Changes of Skeletal Fluorosis
Correlation Among All Types of Endemic Fluorosis
Mechanism of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis Imaging Manifestation
Medical Imaging Characteristics of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis
Diagnostic Value of Olecranarthropathy for Skeletal Fluorosis
Differentiating Diagnosis
Value of Digital Radiography in Skeletal Fluorosis by X-ray Check and Screening
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Epidemic Characteristic and Pathogenesis of Dental Fluorosis
Introduction
General Epidemiological Characteristics of Dental Fluorosis
Age Distribution
Deciduous Teeth
Gender Distribution
Geographical Distribution
Urban and Rural Distribution
Epidemiological Significance and Medical Application of Dental Fluorosis Morbidity Rate
Morbidity Rate of 8- to 12-Year-Old Children
Dean´s Index for Dental Fluorosis and Epidemic Grading
Dental Fluorosis Morbidity Rate Served as Major Index for Determining and Classifying Endemic Areas
Dental Fluorosis Morbidity Rate Served as Major Index to Evaluate Prevention and Control Efficacy
Dental Fluorosis Morbidity Rate Mirrored the Severe Damage of Fluorosis on Children
Relationship Between Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis and Urinary Fluoride Levels
Physiological Effect of Fluoride on Teeth
Biological Effects of Fluoride on Teeth
Effect of Fluoride on Tooth Development
Promoting Re-mineralization of Teeth by Fluoride
Pathological Changes of Dental Fluorosis
Changes in Tooth Enamel with Chronic Fluorosis
Dentin Changes
Cementum Changes
Pathogenesis of Dental Fluorosis
Damage of Fluoride to Enamel
Damage of Fluoride on Amelogenin
Damage of Fluoride on Dentin
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Damage in Nervous System
Introduction
Clinical Changes of Nervous System in Patients with Endemic Fluorosis
Histopathological Changes of Nervous System in Patients with Chronic Fluorosis
Changes of Learning and Memory Capacity in Experimental Fluorosis Cases
Effects of Chronic Fluorosis on the Development of Nervous System
Changes of Fetal Development in Endemic Fluorosis Area
Experimental Study on the Effect of Chronic Fluorosis on Fetal Development
Changes of IQ of Children in Endemic Fluorosis Areas
Molecular Mechanism of Nerve Injury in Chronic Fluorosis
Mechanism of Free Radical Damage
Mechanism of Structural Changes of Cellular Biofilm Lipids
Mechanism of Neurotransmitter Receptor Alteration
Mechanism of Neuronal Apoptosis
Mechanism of Nitric Oxide
Mechanism of Signal Transduction Pathway Alteration in Nervous System
Mechanism of Developing Damage of Nervous System Caused by Chronic Fluorosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Modification of Digestive System
Introduction
Influence of Chronic Fluorosis on Liver
Normal Function and Metabolism of Liver
Effects of Chronic Fluorosis on Liver Morphology, Function, and Metabolism
Mechanism of Liver Changes Caused by Chronic Fluorosis
The Increased Oxidative Damages in Liver
Aggravated Inflammation
The Elevating Level of Apoptosis
Proteins and Genes Related to Changes in Liver Metabolism and Function
Effect of Fluorosis on Gastrointestinal Tract
Function and Metabolism of Gastrointestinal Tract
Effect of Chronic Fluorosis on Gastrointestinal Function
Mechanism of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Caused by Fluoride Exposure
Effect of Fluorosis on Pancreas
Function and Metabolism of Pancreas
Effects of Excessive Fluoride on the Morphology and Function of Pancreas
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Modification of Urinary System
Introduction
Effect of Chronic Fluorosis on Kidney
Renal Pathohistological Changes by Chronic Fluorosis
Effect of Chronic Fluorosis on Renal Function and Metabolism
Mechanism of Renal Damage Caused by Chronic Fluorosis
Change of Renal Cell Cycle
Disorder of Renal Calcium Balance
High Level of Oxidative Stress
Excessive Autophagy of Renal Cells
Modification of the Related Cytokines
Apoptosis of Renal Cells
Correlative Detection Indexes for Judging Renal Function Changes in Chronic Fluorosis
Serological Detection Index
Urine Test Index
Oxidative Stress Related Indicators
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Modification of Cardiovascular System
Introduction
Population-Based Study
Experiment
The Cultivation of Cardiomyocyte
Potential Pathogenesis of Fluoride Triggered Cardiovascular System Impairment
Oxidative Stress
Apoptosis
Energy Metabolism
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Damage of Endocrine System
Introduction
Influences of Fluoride Exposure on the Thyroid Gland
Iodine Metabolism and Thyroid Function
Influences of Fluoride Exposure on Function of Thyroid
Mechanisms of Thyroid Damage Induced by Excessive Fluoride
Influences of Fluoride Exposure on the Activity of TPO
Parathyroid Function and Calcium Homeostasis
Metabolism and Effect of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Possible Influences of Fluoride Exposure on the Body through PTH (Including Changes in Serum Free PTH Content, Abnormal Calciu...
Influences of Fluoride Exposure on Insulin Metabolism and Diabetes
Influences of Fluoride Exposure on the Reproductive System
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Damages to Reproductive System by Coal-burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Introduction
Effect of Fluorosis on Sperm and Semen Quality
Effects of Fluorosis on Sperm Morphology and Structure
Effect of Fluorosis on Sperm Acrosome
Effects of Fluorosis on the Testis
Effect of Fluorosis on Testis Weight
Effect of Fluorosis on Testicular Tissue Structure
Effect of Fluorosis on Testicular Ultrastructure
Effect of Fluorosis on Testicular Blood-Testis Barrier
Impairment of Testicular Spermatogenic Function by Fluorosis
Effect of Fluorosis on Apoptosis of Spermatogenic Cells in Testis
Effect of Fluorosis on Oxidative Stress in Testicular Tissue
Effect of Fluorosis on Testicular Cellular Immune Privilege/Autophagy
Effects of Fluorosis on Epididymis and Vas Deferens
Effects of Fluorosis on the Prostate and Seminal Vesicles
Effects of Fluorosis on Male Reproductive Endocrine Levels
Effects of Fluorosis on Sex Hormone Levels
Effect of Fluoride on Serum Inhibin b (Inhb) in Adult Men
Therapeutic Agents and Prognosis
Testosterone
Vitamin E and Lycopene
Choline
Taurine
Extracts of Ginseng and Panama Leaf
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Damage to the Female Reproductive System Due to Coal-Burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Effects of Fluorosis on the Uterus
Effects of Fluorosis on the Ovary
Effects of Fluorosis on Ovarian Granulosa Cells
Effects of Fluorosis on the Placenta and Fetus
Effects of Fluorosis on Female Sex Hormone Levels
Oxidative Stress Damage to the Female Reproductive System by Fluorosis
Conclusion
References
Part III: Molecular Pathogenesis of Endemic (Chronic) Fluorosis
Chapter 12: Enhanced Oxidative Stress
Introduction
Elevated Level of Oxidative Stress Induced by Chronic Fluorosis
Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Antioxidant Systems
Imbalance Between Oxidative and Antioxidant Systems
Chronic Fluorosis is Associated with an Elevated Level of Oxidative Stress
Chronic Fluorosis is Associated with Modifications in the Structures of Lipids in Cellular Membranes
Effects of the Oxidative Stress Induced by Chronic Fluorosis on Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)
Effects of the Oxidative Stress Induced by Chronic Fluorosis on Receptors
Acetylcholine Receptors
Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)/the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE)
Receptors for N-methyl-D-Aspartic Acid Receptors (NMDARs)
Effects of the Oxidative Stress Induced by Chronic Fluorosis on Various Enzymes
Changes in Mitochondria Correlated to the Oxidative Stress Induced by Chronic Fluorosis
Apoptosis Resulting from the Oxidative Stress Induced by Chronic Fluorosis
Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Fluorosis by Antioxidants
Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: High Level of Inflammation
Introduction
An Overview of Chronic Inflammatory Response
Chronic Inflammatory Response
Proinflammatory Cytokines
Inflammatory Cytokines
Inflammatory Cytokine Regulator
Anti-inflammatory Cytokines
Basic Pathological Changes of Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Responses in Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis
Inflammatory Responses of Non-bone Systems in Endemic Fluorosis
Central Nervous System Damage
Liver Damage
Renal Damage
Damage on Heart and Blood Vessels
Thyroid Damage
Reproductive System Damage
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Effect of Fluoride on Signal Transduction Pathways
Introduction
Effect of Fluoride on G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signal Transduction Pathway
cAMP Signal Transduction Pathway
Protein Kinase C (PKC) Signal Transduction Pathway
Effect of Fluoride on Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) Signal Transduction Pathway
Effect of Fluoride on Apoptosis Signal Transduction Pathway
Death Receptor Mediated Apoptosis Signal Transduction Pathway
Mitochondrial Mediated Apoptosis Signal Transduction Pathway
ER Stress Mediated Apoptosis Signal Transduction Pathway
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B (PI3K/PKB) Signal Transduction Pathway
NF-κB Signal Transduction Pathway
Effect of Fluoride on TGF-β/Smad Signal Transduction Pathway
Effect of Fluoride on Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) Signal Transduction Pathway
Effect of Fluoride on Wnt/β-catenin Signal Transduction Pathway
Effect of Fluoride on Autophagy Signal Transduction Pathway
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Changes of Receptors
Introduction
Classification and Function of Cell Membrane Receptors
Ligand-Gate Ion Channel Receptors
G-protein Coupled Receptors
Single Transmembrane α-helical Receptor
Classification and Function of Intracellular Receptors
The Cytoplasmic Receptor
The Nuclear Receptor
The Impact of Chronic Fluorosis on Acetylcholine Receptors
The Structure, Function, and Distribution of nAChRs
The Effect of Fluoride on nAChRs
Structure, function, and Distribution of mAChRs
The Effect of Fluoride on mAChRs
The Impact of Chronic Fluorosis on N-methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors (NMDARs)
Structure, Function, and Distribution of NMDARs
The Effect of Fluoride on NMDARs
The Impact of Chronic Fluorosis on Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Their Receptors
Structure, Function, and Distribution of AGEs
The Impact of Fluoride on AGEs and Their Receptors
The Impact of Chronic Fluorosis on Vit D Receptor
Structure, Function, and Distribution of Vit D
The Impact of Fluoride on VDR
The Impact of Chronic Fluorosis on Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptors (PPARs)
Structure, Function, and Distribution of PPARs
The Impact of Fluoride on PPAR
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Alteration of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Binding immunoglobulin Protein (BiP)
UPR Signal Pathway
PERK Pathway
Inositol-Requiring Kinase 1 (IRE-1) Pathway
ATF6 Pathway
ER-Related Protein Degradation
Relationship between Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress
Role of ERS in the Mechanism Underlying Fluoride-Induced Non-bone Damage
Role of ERS in the Mechanism Underlying Fluoride-Induced Bone Damage
ERS and Dental Fluorosis
ER and Skeletal Fluorosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Mitochondrial Changes
Introduction
Mitochondrial
Structure and Function of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Function in Oxidative Phosphorylation
Mitochondrial Spatial Structure and Regulatory Mechanism
Mitochondrial Changes in Chronic Fluorosis
Morphological Changes of Various Organs Caused by Chronic Fluorosis
Ultramorphological Changes Induced by Fluorosis
Changes of Dynamic Equilibrium of Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Calcium Metabolism Disorder in Chronic Fluorosis
Biological Effect of Calcium
Effects of Endemic Fluorosis on Calcium Metabolism
Effects of Endemic Fluorosis on Ca2+ Metabolism of Skeletal Organs
Effects of Endemic Fluorosis on Ca2+ Metabolism of Brain
Mechanism of Endemic Fluorosis Caused by Ca2+ Metabolism Disorder
Problems and Prospects
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Altering of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Introduction
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Synthesis of Glucose
Decomposition of Glucose
Glycoprotein
Collagen
Osteocalcin (OCN)
P-glycoprotein (P-gp)
Advanced Glycation End Products
Chronic Fluorosis and Disorder of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chronic Fluorosis Caused Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorder
Chronic Fluorosis and Hyperglycemia
Chronic Fluorosis and Altering of Glycoprotein
Collagen
Osteocalcin
P-gp and Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Changes in Gene Expression
Introduction
Genes Associated with Enhanced Susceptibility to Chronic Fluorosis
Genes Related to the Metabolism of Free Radicals
Osteocalcin (OCN), Calcitonin (CT), and Calcitonin Receptors (CTR)
Collagen Type I
Estrogen
Vitamin D Receptor (VDR)
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
The Epigenetics of Chronic Fluorosis
The Relationship between Epigenetics and Environmental Factors
Correlation of Choric Fluorosis with Epigenetic Change
Fluoride and Histone Modifications
Fluoride and miRNA
Alteration of Imprinted Genes by Fluoride
Conclusions
References
Part IV: Clinical Diagnosis and Treatments of Coal-Burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Chapter 21: Biological Indicators for Early Diagnosis of Endemic Fluorosis
Introduction
Clinical Indicators Closely Related to Diagnosing Endemic Fluorosis
Epidemiology
Skeletal Fluorosis
Dental Fluorosis
Fluoride Content in Different Organs or Tissues
Fluoride Content in Blood
Fluoride Content in Urine
Fluoride Levels in Bone, Nail, Hair, and Others
Biological Parameters Correlated to Chronic Fluorosis
Serum Enzymology
Mineral Content in Blood
Changed Genetic Polymorphisms and Epigenetics
Oxidative Stress Indicators Related to Chronic Fluorosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Coal-burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Introduction
A National Measure Proposed by Government and Implemented by Medical Staff and the General Public
Education on Prevention of Chronic Fluorosis
Selected Tips of Fluorosis Prevention
Preparation and Make of Fluorosis Prevention Education Materials
Tips of Publicizing Fluorosis Prevention
Publicity of Fluorosis Prevention via Media and Giveaways
Education on Fluorosis Prevention Taken by Housewives in the Endemic Areas
Education on Fluorosis Prevention Carried Out at School
Education on Fluorosis Prevention Undertaken by Healthcare and Medical Institutions
Improvement of Stoves
Improvement of Stoves for Fluorosis Prevention
Tailor-Made Fluorosis Prevention Equipment for Project Families
Standard of Fluorosis Prevention Stove
Instructing the Operation and Maintenance of Improved Stoves in Families of Endemic Areas
The Construction and Application of Clean Energy
Behavioral Intervention
Promotion of Corn and Pepper Dehydration by Soot-Free Thermal Flux Technology
Adopting the Habit of Rinsing Before Cooking
Free Lunch in Rural Schools to Reduce the Overall Intake of Fluoride for Students
National Ban on Small Scale and Illegal Coal Mines to Reduce the Use of Coal
A Combined Practice of Poverty Alleviation Project to Promote the Prevention and Control of Coal-Burning Type of Fluorosis
Official Measures of Prevention and Control on Coal-Burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Prevention and Control Area Identification
Budget, Funds, and Management for the Elimination of Fluorosis Hazards
Prevention and Control Aim
Specific Aim
Personnel Management
Mobilization
Training
Fluorosis Prevention Approach
Prevention and Control Progress Schedule
Procedures and Evaluation Standards of Prevention Effects
Procedures and Standards of Evaluation Application
The Manner of Acceptance and Evaluation
Level by Level Evaluation and Acceptance Announcement
Control Standard of Endemic Fluorosis
Elimination Standards of Endemic Fluorosis
Assessment of Prevention and Control Effect on Coal-Burning Endemic Fluorosis
Monitoring of Dental Fluorosis Status
Evaluation for the Typical Area of Coal-Burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis in Liupanshui City of Guizhou Province
Effective Control to the Disease
The Changes in Incidence Rate of Dental Fluorosis and the Urinary Fluoride Load
Manifestation of Skeletal Fluorosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: Surgical Treatment of Joint Damage in Skeletal Fluorosis
Introduction
THA Treatment for Severe Hip Osteoarthritis Induced by Fluorosis
Clinical Manifestation
Imaging Examination
Laboratory Examination
Diagnostic Criteria and Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis on Severe Hip Osteoarthritis Induced by Chronic Fluorosis
Rheumatic Arthritis
Femoral Head Necrosis
Primary Hip Osteoarthritis
Secondary Hip Osteoarthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Surgical Treatment
Operative Indication
Preoperative Preparation and Evaluation
Prosthesis Selection
Anesthesia Methods
Incision
Surgical Operation
Postoperative Management
Operative Complications
TKA for the Treatment of Severe Knee Osteoarthritis Induced by Skeletal Fluorosis
Clinical Manifestation
Medical Imaging Results
Diagnostic Criteria and Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis to Severe Knee Osteoarthritis Induced by Chronic Fluorosis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Surgical Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis Induced by Severe Fluorosis
Operation Indication
Preoperative Preparation and Evaluation
Prosthesis Selection
Surgical Operation
Postoperative Management
Surgical Treatment of Spinal Stenosis Induced by Chronic Fluorosis
Clinical Manifestations
Medical Imaging Check
Laboratory Examination
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Surgical Indication
Anesthesia
Surgical Incision
Choice of Surgical Method
PCEML for Cervical Spinal Stenosis Induced by Chronic Fluorosis
Total Laminectomy for Decompression and Partial Facetectomy for Decompression for Chest and Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Induced by ...
Postoperative Management
Prevention and Treatment of Surgical Complications
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage
Epidural Hematoma
Spinal Cord and Nerve Root Injuries
Infection
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: Clinical Prevention and Treatment of Coal-burning Type of Endemic Fluorosis
Introduction
Index, Clinical and Differential Diagnosis of Dental Fluorosis
Index of Dental Fluorosis
Clinical Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatments of Dental Fluorosis
Tooth Whitening
Composite Resin
Porcelain Veneer
Full Crown
Glass Ionomer Cement
Notices During Treatment
Dental Fluorosis Color
Shade Selection of Dental Fluorosis
Conventional Shade Guide
Instrument Measurement
Development and Application of Customized Fluorosis Teeth Shade Guide
Color Modification of Restoration
Special Dyeing
Tooth Preparation is the Foundation of Restoration
Prevention of Dental Fluorosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 25: Drug Development
Introduction
Chemical Elements Commonly Used to Treat Endemic Fluorosis
Boron
Magnesium
Calcium
Aluminum
Selenium
Zinc
Molybdenum
Copper
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prescription for the Treatment of Endemic Fluorosis
``Dan-Lan-Xian Boron´´ Therapy Fluoride Capsule
``Guling-Tongbi´´ Pill
Development Trend of Antioxidant Drugs
Current Situation and Problems in the Study of Endemic Fluorosis Drugs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Improvement of the Health Condition of Local Residents After Comprehensive Treatments of Coal-Burning Type of Ende...
Introduction
Research Subjects
Effect of Comprehensive Treatments on Children with Dental Fluorosis
Effect of Comprehensive Treatments on Intelligence of Children
Effect of Comprehensive Measures on Skeletal Fluorosis
Changes in Common Blood Biochemistry Parameters
Routine Measurement of Blood Biochemistry
Activity of GPT and GOT
Level of Blood Lipids
Level of Blood Glucose
Changes of Blood Biochemistry Parameters in Elder Population
Changes of Cardiac Function
Changes of Oxidative Stress Related Indexes
Activities of Enzymes
Expressions of GST and MPO mRNAs
Changes of Gene Polymorphism of Antioxidant Enzymes
Quality of Life and Its Influence Factors of the Residents Living in the Areas of Coal-Burning Fluorosis with Comprehensive In...
Conclusion
References
List of Abbreviations
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