Cloherty and Stark's Manual of Neonatal Care

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CLOHERTY AND STARK’S MANUAL OF NEONATAL CARE
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Contents
Fetal Assessment and Prenatal Diagnosis
I. GESTATIONAL AGE ASSESSMENT
II. PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF FETAL DISEASE
III. FETAL SIZE AND GROWTH-RATE ABNORMALITIES
IV. FUNCTIONAL MATURITY OF THE LUNGS
V. ASSESSMENT OF FETAL WELL-BEING.
Maternal Diabetes Mellitus
I. CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES IN PREGNANCY
II. EPIDEMIOLOGY
III. COMPLICATIONS.
IV. PRECONCEPTION MANAGEMENT.
V. ANTEPARTUM MANAGEMENT
VI. INTRAPARTUM AND POSTPARTUM MANAGEMENT
Preeclampsia and Related Hypertensive Conditions of Pregnancy
I. CATEGORIES OF PREGNANCY-ASSOCIATED HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS
II. INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY.
III. DIAGNOSIS.
IV. COMPLICATIONS.
V. CONSIDERATIONS IN MANAGEMENT
VI. CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA WITHOUT SEVERE FEATURES
VII. MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA WITH SEVERE FEATURES
VIII. MANAGEMENT OF ECLAMPSIA
IX. POSTPARTUM PREECLAMPSIA
X. RECURRENCE RISK.
XI. LONG-TERM CARDIOVASCULAR RISK.
XII. PROPOSED TREATMENTS
XIII. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NEWBORN
Resuscitation in the Delivery Room
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
II. PREPARATION
III. DURING DELIVERY.
IV. SPECIAL SITUATIONS
V. MONITORING RESUSCITATION.
VI. POSTRESUSCITATIVE CARE
VII. WITHHOLDING OR DISCONTINUING RESUSCITATION
VIII. TEAMWORK DURING NEONATAL RESUSCITATION.
I. DEFINITION.
II. INCIDENCE.
III. ETIOLOGY
Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis
IV. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.
V. EVALUATION
VI. PRENATAL TREATMENT.
VII. MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS OF FETAL HYDROPS
VIII. DELIVERY CONSIDERATIONS.
IX. NEONATAL MANAGEMENT OF FETAL HYDROPS
Birth Trauma
I. BACKGROUND.
II. TYPES OF BIRTH TRAUMA
I. HIGH-RISK NEWBORNS
The High-Risk Newborn: Anticipation, Evaluation, Management, and Outcome
II. GESTATIONAL AGE (GA) AND BIRTH WEIGHT CLASSIFICATION.
III. PRETERM BIRTH.
IV. POSTTERM INFANTS
V. SGA
VI. LGA
I. HISTORY.
II. ROUTINE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE NEONATE.
Assessment of the Newborn History and Physical Examination of the Newborn
Care of the Well Newborn
I. ADMISSION TO THE NEWBORN NURSERY
II. TRANSITIONAL CARE
III. ROUTINE CARE
IV. ROUTINE MEDICATIONS
V. SCREENING
VI. ROUTINE ASSESSMENTS
VII. FAMILY AND SOCIAL ISSUES
VIII. FEEDINGS.
IX. NEWBORN CIRCUMCISION
X. DISCHARGE PREPARATION
XI. FOLLOW-UP
Genetic Issues Presenting in the Nursery
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
II. INCIDENCE.
III. ETIOLOGY.
IV. APPROACH TO THE INFANT WITH A CONGENITAL MALFORMATION OR OTHER SUSPECTED GENETIC DISORDER
Multiple Births
I. CLASSIFICATION
II. EPIDEMIOLOGY
III. ETIOLOGY
IV. DIAGNOSIS.
V. PRENATAL SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS
VI. MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS
VII. FETAL AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS
VIII. OUTCOMES
Maternal Substance Use, Infant Exposure, and Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
I. MATERNAL DRUG USE
II. DIAGNOSIS OF DRUG USE IN PREGNANCY.
III. NONOPIOID SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE.
IV. NEONATAL OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME FOLLOWING OPIOID EXPOSURE IN PREGNANCY
V. BREASTFEEDING OF SUBSTANCE-EXPOSED INFANTS.
VI. DISCHARGE.
VII. LONG-TERM OUTCOMES.
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. PRENATAL CONSIDERATIONS.
Initial Care of the Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant
III. DELIVERY ROOM CARE.
IV. CARE IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT.
V. SUMMARY.
Developmentally Supportive Care
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. ASSESSMENT.
III. GOALS OF DEVELOPMENTAL SUPPORT.
IV. DEVELOPMENTALLY SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT.
V. DEVELOPMENTALLY SUPPORTIVE CARE PRACTICES.
VI. PAIN AND STRESS.
VII. PARENT SUPPORT/EDUCATION
Temperature Control
I. BACKGROUND.
II. TEMPERATURE MAINTENANCE
III. MECHANISMS OF HEAT LOSS.
IV. THERMONEUTRAL ENVIRONMENT.
V. MANAGEMENT TO PREVENT HEAT LOSS
VI. HAZARDS OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL METHODS
Follow-up Care of Very Preterm and Very Low Birth Weight Infants
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. MEDICAL CARE ISSUES
III. NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES.
IV. HIGH-RISK INFANT FOLLOW-UP PROGRAMS.
Neonatal Transport
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. INDICATIONS
III. ORGANIZATION OF TRANSPORT SERVICES
IV. REFERRING HOSPITAL RESPONSIBILITIES
V. TRANSPORT TEAM RESPONSIBILITIES
VI. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT BEFORE TRANSPORT
VII. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT DURING RETURN TRANSPORT
VIII. ARRIVAL AT THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
IX. SPECIFIC CONDITIONS AND MANAGEMENT
X. PHYSIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS OF AIR TRANSPORTS.
XI. SIMULATION IN TRANSPORT MEDICINE.
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Discharge Planning
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. INFANT’S DISCHARGE READINESS.
III. PARENT’S DISCHARGE PREPARATION.
Decision Making and Ethical Dilemmas
I. BACKGROUND.
II. DEVELOPING A PROCESS FOR ETHICAL DECISION MAKING.
III. MATERNAL–FETAL ETHICS.
IV. EXTREMELY PREMATURE INFANTS.
V. THE DECISION TO REDIRECT LIFE-SUSTAINING TREATMENT TO COMFORT MEASURES.
Management of Neonatal End-of-Life Care and Bereavement Follow-up
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. FAMILY-CENTERED END-OF-LIFE CARE PRINCIPLES AND DOMAINS.
III. COORDINATION OF CARE
IV. BEREAVEMENT FOLLOW-UP
Nutrition
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. GROWTH
III. NUTRIENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRETERM INFANTS
IV. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
V. NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DISCHARGE PLANNING.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Breastfeeding and Maternal Medications
I. RATIONALE FOR BREASTFEEDING.
II. RECOMMENDATIONS ON BREASTFEEDING FOR HEALTHY TERM INFANTS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING GENERAL PRINCIPLES (CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONT
III. MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT ARE NEEDED FOR SUCCESSFUL BREASTFEEDING
IV. MANAGEMENT OF BREASTFEEDING PROBLEMS
V. SPECIAL SITUATIONS.
VI. CARE AND HANDLING OF EXPRESSED BREAST MILK.
VII. CONTRAINDICATIONS AND CONDITIONS NOT CONTRAINDICATED TO BREASTFEEDING.
VIII. MATERNAL MEDICATIONS AND BREASTFEEDING.
IX. DETERMINATION OF DRUG SAFETY DURING BREASTFEEDING.
X. RESOURCES
Fluid and Electrolyte Management
I. DISTRIBUTION OF BODY WATER
II. ASSESSMENT OF FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE STATUS
III. MANAGEMENT OF FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES.
IV. APPROACH TO DISORDERS OF NA AND WATER BALANCE.
V. OLIGURIA.
VI. METABOLIC ACID–BASE DISORDERS
VII. DISORDERS OF K BALANCE.
VIII. COMMON CLINICAL SITUATIONS
Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia
I. HYPOGLYCEMIA.
II. HYPERGLYCEMIA.
Abnormalities of Serum Calcium and Magnesium
I. HYPOCALCEMIA
II. HYPERCALCEMIA
III. DISORDERS OF MAGNESIUM: HYPOMAGNESEMIA AND HYPERMAGNESEMIA
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
I. BACKGROUND.
II. BILIRUBIN METABOLISM.
III. NONPATHOLOGIC (BENIGN) HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA.
IV. SIGNIFICANT HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
V. PREVENTION OF HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA IN HEALTHY TERM AND LATE-PRETERM INFANTS.
VI. EVALUATION OF INFANTS WITH HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
VII. FAMILY AND CAREGIVER EDUCATION.
VIII. CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
IX. BILIRUBIN NEUROTOXICITY.
X. NEONATAL CHOLESTASIS.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
I. BACKGROUND.
II. DIAGNOSIS.
III. MANAGEMENT
IV. PROGNOSIS.
Neonatal Kidney Conditions
I. RENAL EMBRYOGENESIS AND FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
II. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE KIDNEYS AND URINARY TRACT.
III. COMMON CLINICAL KIDNEY PROBLEMS IN NEONATES
Mechanical Ventilation
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
II. NONINVASIVE VENTILATORY SUPPORT
III. INVASIVE MECHANICAL VENTILATORY SUPPORT
IV. INDICATIONS FOR RESPIRATORY SUPPORT
V. HOW VENTILATOR CHANGES AFFECT BLOOD GASES
VI. DISEASE STATES
VII. ADJUNCTS TO MECHANICAL VENTILATION
VIII. COMPLICATIONS AND SEQUELAE.
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
II. OXYGEN USE AND MONITORING.
Blood Gas and Pulmonary Function Monitoring
III. ASSESSMENT OF PULMONARY VENTILATION.
IV. PULMONARY GRAPHICS MONITORING.
I. BACKGROUND
Apnea
II. PATHOGENESIS.
III. MONITORING AND EVALUATION
IV. TREATMENT
V. DISCHARGE CONSIDERATIONS
I. DEFINITION.
II. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
III. EPIDEMIOLOGY.
IV. CLINICAL PRESENTATION.
V. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS.
VI. EVALUATION
VII. MANAGEMENT.
VIII. COMPLICATIONS.
IX. PROGNOSIS.
I. INTRODUCTION.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
II. DIAGNOSIS
III. PREVENTION.
IV. MANAGEMENT
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
I. BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD)
II. EPIDEMIOLOGY
III. PATHOGENESIS.
IV. THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION
V. EFFORTS TO PREVENT BPD AND MINIMIZE LUNG INJURY
VI. MANAGEMENT OF INFANTS WITH ESTABLISHED BPD
VII. IDENTIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BPD
VIII. DISCHARGE PLANNING
IX. OUTPATIENT THERAPY
X. CHILD AND ADULT OUTCOMES OF BPD
I. BACKGROUND
II. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.
Meconium Aspiration
III. PREVENTION OF MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
IV. MANAGEMENT OF INFANTS DELIVERED THROUGH MECONIUM-STAINED FLUID.
V. MANAGEMENT OF MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
I. DEFINITION.
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
II. PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
III. EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS AND RISK FACTORS.
IV. CLASSIFICATION.
V. DIAGNOSIS.
VI. MANAGEMENT.
VII. POSTNEONATAL OUTCOMES AMONG INFANTS WITH PPHN.
Pulmonary Hemorrhage
I. DEFINITION.
II. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.
III. EPIDEMIOLOGY.
IV. PREDISPOSING FACTORS.
V. CLINICAL PRESENTATION.
VI. EVALUATION
VII. TREATMENT.
VIII. PROGNOSIS.
I. BACKGROUND
Pulmonary Air Leak
II. TYPES OF AIR LEAKS
I. BACKGROUND.
II. ECMO CIRCUIT.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
III. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
IV. PHYSIOLOGY
V. MANAGEMENT
VI. SPECIAL SITUATIONS DURING EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION SUPPORT
VII. COMPLICATIONS
VIII. OUTCOME
Shock
I. DEFINITION.
II. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NEONATAL SHOCK.
III. ETIOLOGY.
IV. DIAGNOSIS.
V. TREATMENT.
VI. TYPICAL CLINICAL SCENARIOS OF SHOCK IN NEONATES
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. INCIDENCE AND SURVIVAL.
III. TIMING OF PRESENTATION.
Cardiac Disorders
IV. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE.
V. EVALUATION OF THE NEONATE WITH SUSPECTED CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
VI. “LESION-SPECIFIC” CARE FOLLOWING ANATOMIC DIAGNOSIS
VII. ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE
VIII. PHARMACOLOGY
IX. ARRHYTHMIAS
I. WHOLE BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSIONS
Blood Products Used in the Newborn
II. PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS
III. FRESH FROZEN PLASMA, THAWED PLASMA
IV. PLATELETS
V. GRANULOCYTES
VI. WHOLE BLOOD
VII. INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN
VIII. UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD
I. ETIOLOGY
Bleeding
II. DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP OF THE BLEEDING NEONATE/INFANT
III. TREATMENT OF NEONATES WITH ABNORMAL COAGULATION LABS WITHOUT CLINICAL BLEEDING.
IV. TREATMENT OF BLEEDING
I. PHYSIOLOGY
Neonatal Thrombosis
II. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
III. SPECIFIC CLINICAL CONDITIONS
IV. DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
V. MANAGEMENT
Anemia
I. HEMATOLOGIC PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEWBORN.
II. ETIOLOGY OF ANEMIA IN THE NEONATE.
III. DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO ANEMIA IN THE NEWBORN
IV. THERAPY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I. DEFINITIONS
Polycythemia
II. INCIDENCE.
III. CAUSES OF POLYCYTHEMIA.
IV. SYMPTOMS.
V. SCREENING/DIAGNOSIS.
VI. MANAGEMENT.
VII. PVET.
VIII. OUTCOMES.
IX. CONCLUSION.
Neonatal Thrombocytopenia
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. APPROACH TO THE THROMBOCYTOPENIC NEONATE.
III. IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA.
IV. PLATELET TRANSFUSIONS IN THE NICU.
Viral Infections
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) (CONGENITAL, PERIPARTUM, AND POSTNATAL).
III. HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV: PERINATAL).
IV. PARVOVIRUS B19 (CONGENITAL).
V. HIV (CONGENITAL AND PERINATAL).
VI. HEPATITIS.
VII. VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV: CONGENITAL OR PERIPARTUM).
VIII. ENTEROVIRUSES (CONGENITAL).
IX. RUBELLA (CONGENITAL).
X. RSV (NEONATAL).
XI. SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2 (SARSCOV2) (PERINATAL, NEONATAL).
XII. ZIKA VIRUS (ZIKV) (CONGENITAL, PERINATAL, NEONATAL).
Bacterial and Fungal Infections
I. BACTERIAL SEPSIS AND MENINGITIS
II. ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS.
III. FUNGAL INFECTIONS
IV. FOCAL BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
I. EPIDEMIOLOGY.
II. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
III. MATERNAL/FETAL INFECTION
IV. NEONATAL INFECTION
V. OUTCOMES.
Syphilis
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
III. EPIDEMIOLOGY.
IV. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR SYPHILIS
V. EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL SYPHILIS.
VI. SCREENING AND TREATMENT OF PREGNANT WOMEN FOR SYPHILIS
VII. FOLLOW-UP ON INFANTS TREATED FOR CONGENITAL SYPHILIS.
VIII. INFECTION CONTROL
Tuberculosis
I. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INCIDENCE.
II. TRANSMISSION AND PATHOGENESIS.
III. MATERNAL TB.
IV. TUBERCULOSIS OF THE FETUS OR NEWBORN
V. POSTNATAL TRANSMISSION OF
VI. TREATMENT OF NEONATAL TB DISEASE.
VII. MANAGEMENT OF AN EXPOSED NEONATE.
VIII. BCG.
Lyme Disease
I. LYME DISEASE.
II. DIAGNOSIS.
III. TREATMENT OF MOTHERS AND THE NEWBORN.
Intracranial Hemorrhage and White Matter Injury/Periventricular Leukomalacia
OVERVIEW
I. SUBDURAL HEMORRHAGE AND EPIDURAL HEMORRHAGE
II. SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
III. INTRAPARENCHYMAL HEMORRHAGE
IV. GERMINAL MATRIX HEMORRHAGE/INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE
V. WHITE MATTER INJURY/PERIVENTRICULAR LEUKOMALACIA
Perinatal Asphyxia and Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
I. PERINATAL ASPHYXIA
II. INCIDENCE.
III. ETIOLOGY.
IV. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
V. DIAGNOSIS
VI. NEUROLOGIC SIGNS.
VII. MULTIORGAN DYSFUNCTION.
VIII. LABORATORY EVALUATION OF ASPHYXIA
IX. BRAIN IMAGING
X. EEG.
XI. PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS OF BRAIN INJURY
XII. TREATMENT
XIII. NEUROPROTECTIVE STRATEGIES.
XIV. OUTCOME IN PERINATAL ASPHYXIA
Neonatal Seizures
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. DIAGNOSIS.
III. ETIOLOGY.
IV. INVESTIGATIONS.
V. TREATMENT.
VI. PROGNOSIS.
Neural Tube Defects
I. DEFINITIONS AND PATHOLOGY.
II. DIAGNOSIS
III. EVALUATION
IV. CONSULTATION.
V. MANAGEMENT
VI. PROGNOSIS
Orthopedic Problems
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. CONGENITAL MUSCULAR TORTICOLLIS
III. POLYDACTYLY
IV. ORTHOPEDIC BIRTH INJURIES
V. CONGENITAL AND INFANTILE SCOLIOSIS
VI. DEVELOPMENTAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
VII. GENU RECURVATUM
VIII. DEFORMITIES OF THE FEET
IX. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME OF THE NEWBORN
Osteopenia (Metabolic Bone Disease) of Prematurity
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
II. DIAGNOSIS
III. TREATMENT
I. INTRODUCTION.
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
II. CLINICAL PRESENTATION.
III. EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT.
IV. IEMs WITH METABOLIC ACIDOSIS.
V. IEMs WITH HYPERAMMONEMIA.
VI. IEMs WITH HYPOGLYCEMIA.
VII. IEMs WITH NEONATAL SEIZURES.
VIII. IEMs WITH HYPOTONIA.
IX. IEMs WITH LIVER DYSFUNCTION.
X. INBORN ERROR OF METABOLISM WITH CARDIOMYOPATHY.
XI. POSTMORTEM DIAGNOSIS.
XII. ROUTINE NEWBORN SCREENING.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thyroid Disorders
I. THYROID PHYSIOLOGY IN PREGNANCY.
II. MATERNAL HYPERTHYROIDISM.
III. MATERNAL HYPOTHYROIDISM.
IV. FETAL AND NEONATAL GOITER
V. THYROID PHYSIOLOGY IN THE FETUS AND NEWBORN
VI. CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
VII. NEONATAL HYPERTHYROIDISM
VIII. MATERNAL THYROID MEDICATIONS AND BREASTFEEDING
Neonatal Effects of Maternal Diabetes
I. BACKGROUND.
II. CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES IN PREGNANCY.
III. MATERNAL MANAGEMENT AND DELIVERY.
IV. FETAL AND NEONATAL EFFECTS OF MATERNAL DIABETES MELLITUS
V. NEONATAL MANAGEMENT OF IDMS.
VI. LONG-TERM EFFECTS.
I. DEFINITION AND NOMENCLATURE.
Differences of Sex Development
II. IMMEDIATE POSTNATAL CONSIDERATIONS PRIOR TO SEX DESIGNATION.
III. TYPICAL SEX DEVELOPMENT.
IV. NURSERY EVALUATION OF A NEWBORN WITH A SUSPECTED DIFFERENCE OF SEX DEVELOPMENT
V. GONADAL DIFFERENTIATION DISORDERS
VI. OTHER XX DSD.
VII. OTHER XY DSD.
VIII. ISSUES OF SEX/GENDER DESIGNATION.
I. PRENATAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH SURGICAL DISEASE
Surgical Conditions in the Newborn
II. POTENTIAL PRENATAL INTERVENTIONS TO AVOID POSTNATAL SURGICAL EMERGENCIES
III. POSTNATAL SURGICAL DISORDERS: DIAGNOSIS BY PRESENTING SYMPTOM
IV. LESIONS CAUSING RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
V. LESIONS CAUSING INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.
VI. OTHER GASTROINTESTINAL SURGICAL CONDITIONS
VII. RENAL DISORDERS
VIII. TUMORS
IX. ABDOMINAL MASSES
X. INGUINAL HERNIAS.
XI. SCROTAL SWELLING
XII. NEUROSURGICAL CONDITIONS
XIII. COMMON TESTS USED IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SURGICAL CONDITIONS
XIV. GENERAL PREOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
XV. GENERAL INTRAOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
Skin Care and Conditions
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. ANATOMY.
III. SKIN CARE PRACTICES.
IV. WOUND CARE.
V. IV EXTRAVASATION.
VI. COMMON SKIN LESIONS.
VII. VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES
VIII. PIGMENTATION ABNORMALITIES.
IX. DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE SKIN
X. OTHER SKIN DISORDERS.
Vascular Anomalies
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. VASCULAR TUMORS
III. VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Retinopathy of Prematurity
GENERAL PRINCIPLES I. DEFINITION.
II. PATHOGENESIS
III. DIAGNOSIS
IV. CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS
V. TIMING OF TREATMENT
VI. PROGNOSIS
VII. PREVENTION.
VIII. TREATMENT
I. DEFINITION
Hearing Health in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Graduates
II. INCIDENCE.
III. ETIOLOGY
IV. SCREENING TESTS.
V. FOLLOW-UP TESTING.
VI. MEDICAL EVALUATION.
VII. INTERVENTIONS FOR OPTIMIZING LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
VIII. OUTCOMES.
Neonatal Procedures: Basic Principles and Considerations
I. INTRODUCTION.
II. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
III. BLOOD DRAWING.
IV. VASCULAR CATHETERIZATION
V. BLADDER CATHETERIZATION
VI. LUMBAR PUNCTURE
VII. INTUBATION
VIII. THORACENTESIS AND CHEST TUBE PLACEMENT
IX. ABDOMINAL PARACENTESIS FOR REMOVAL OF ASCITIC FLUID
X. PERICARDIOCENTESIS
Preventing and Treating Pain and Stress Among Infants in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit
I. BACKGROUND.
II. RECOMMENDATIONS ON PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PROCEDURAL PAIN IN THE NEONATE FROM THE COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN AND S
III. EVALUATING NEONATAL PAIN AND STRESS.
IV. MANAGEMENT: PAIN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT.
V. PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF PROCEDURE-RELATED PAIN
VI. CONCLUSION.
Racial Disparities in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
I. BACKGROUND.
II. DISPARITIES IN CAUSES OF INFANT MORTALITY.
III. CAUSES OF RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH
IV. RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE NICU
V. RECOMMENDATIONS
Patient Safety and Quality Improvement
I. PATIENT SAFETY
II. QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
III. QUALITY DASHBOARDS
IV. DEVELOPING A QUALITY AND SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE
Index