Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Preface
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 Digital Imaging
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Digital Versus Conventional Film Radiography
1.1.2 Radiation Safety of Diagnostic Radiography
1.1.3 Uses of Two-Dimensional (2D) Systems in Daily Practice
1.1.4 Non-Radiographic Methods of Caries Diagnosis
1.1.5 Dental Cone Beam Computed Tomography
1.1.6 Common Uses of CBCT in Dentistry
1.1.7 Emerging Imaging Technology
1.2 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Digital Impressions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Benefits of Digital Impressions
2.3 Limitations of Digital Impressions
2.4 Clinical Considerations
2.4.1 Technology of Intraoral Scanners
2.4.2 Clinical Scanning Techniques
2.4.3 Scanning Environment
2.5 Accuracy of Intraoral Scanners Compared with Conventional Impressions
2.6 Accuracy of Complete Arch vs. Quadrant Scans
2.7 Indirect Restoration Accuracy
2.8 Preparation Design
2.9 Implant Restoration Accuracy
2.9.1 Single/Multiple Implants
2.9.2 Complete Arch Implant Scanning
2.10 Removable Prosthodontics
2.11 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Direct Digital Manufacturing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Scanning Devices
3.3 Digital Manufacturing
3.4 File Format in The Digital Workflow
3.5 Additive versus Subtractive Manufacturing Technologies
3.5.1 Subtractive Manufacturing Technology
3.5.2 Additive Manufacturing Technology
3.6 Materials Extrusion Technologies
3.7 Powder Bed Fusion
3.7.1 Selective Laser Melt
3.7.2 Electron Beam Melting
3.7.3 Selective Heat Sintering
3.7.4 Selective Laser Sintering
3.8 Binder Jetting
3.8.1 Plaster-based 3D Printing
3.9 Sheet Lamination
3.9.1 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)
3.10 Vat Photopolymerization
3.10.1 Stereolithography
3.10.2 Digital Light Processing
3.10.3 PolyJet 3D Printing
3.11 Applications of Digital Manufacturing in Medicine and Dentistry
3.12 Future of DDM
References
Chapter 4 Additive Manufacturing Procedures and Clinical Applications in Restorative Dentistry
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Manufacturing Workflow and Manufacturing Accuracy
4.3 Polymer Additive Manufacturing
4.3.1 Vat-Polymerization Technologies
4.3.2 Material Jetting Technologies
4.3.3 Material Extrusion
4.4 Dental Applications of Polymer Additive Manufacturing Technologies
4.4.1 Diagnostic and Definitive Casts
4.4.2 Surgical Implant Guides
4.4.3 Endodontic Guides
4.4.4 Occlusal Devices
4.4.5 Castable Patterns
4.4.6 Silicone Indices
4.4.7 Custom Trays
4.4.8 Interim Dental Restorations
4.4.9 Removable Prostheses
4.4.10 Extraoral Scan Bodies for Virtual Patient Integration
4.5 Metal Additive Manufacturing
4.5.1 Selective Laser Sintering
4.5.2 Selective Laser Melting
4.5.3 Electron Beam Melting
4.6 Dental Applications of Metal Additive Manufacturing Technologies
4.6.1 Metal Frameworks for Removable Partial Dentures
4.6.2 Metal Frameworks for Complete Dentures and Overdentures
4.6.3 Metal Frameworks Tooth-Supported Prostheses
4.6.4 Metal Frameworks for Implant-Supported Prostheses
4.6.5 Metal Frameworks for Implant Impression Techniques
4.7 Ceramic Additive Manufacturing
4.7.1 Vat-Polymerization Technologies
4.7.2 Binder Jetting Technology
4.7.3 Material Extrusion
4.7.4 Material Jetting
4.7.5 Powder Bed Fusion Technologies
4.8 Dental Applications of Ceramic Additive Manufacturing Technologies
4.8.1 Dental Restorations
4.8.2 Dental Implants
4.8.3 Regenerative Dentistry
References
Chapter 5 Dental Materials in the Digital Age
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials for CAD-CAM Prosthodontics
5.2.1 Ceramics
5.2.2 Common Processing Methods
5.2.3 Polymers
5.2.4 Common Processing Methods
5.2.5 Metal Alloys
5.2.6 Common Processing Methods
5.2.7 Reasons for Selection
5.2.8 Esthetics
5.2.9 Anticipated Stress or Forces
5.2.10 Mechanical Properties
5.2.11 Available Space
5.2.12 Wear Resistance
5.2.13 Survival Rate
5.3 Manufacturing Considerations for CAD-CAM Dental Materials
5.3.1 Subtractive Manufacturing of Dental Ceramics
5.3.1.2 Margin Offset
5.3.1.3 Milling Tools and Tool Diameter Compensation
5.3.2 Manual Contouring
5.3.3 Heat Treatment
5.3.3.1 Heat Treatment of Lithium Disilicate Restorations
5.3.3.2 Heat Treatment of Zirconia Restorations
5.3.4 Ceramic Veneering and Finishing
5.3.4.2 Zirconia
5.3.5 Additive Manufacturing of Dental Ceramics
5.3.6 Subtractive Manufacturing of Polymers
5.3.6.2 Composite Resin & Hybrid resin-ceramic
5.3.7 Additive Manufacturing of Polymers
5.3.8 Subtractive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys
5.3.9 Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys
5.4 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Clinical Applications of Digital Technology in Fixed Prosthodontics
6.1 History of Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing Technology in Fixed Prosthodontics
6.2 Current State of Computer-Aided Restorations in Fixed Prosthodontics
6.3 Factors Impacting The Quality of CAD/CAM Fixed Dental Prostheses
6.3.1 Tooth Preparation
6.3.2 Optical Scanners
6.3.3 Computer-Aided Design
6.3.4 Computer-Aided Manufacturing
6.4 Materials Used for CAD/CAM Fixed Dental Prostheses
6.4.1 Die Materials
6.4.2 Pattern Materials
6.4.3 Restorative Materials
6.5 CAD/CAM Fixed Dental Prostheses
6.5.1 Optical Scanners in Fixed Prosthodontics
6.5.2 CAD Software in Fixed Prosthodontics
6.5.3 Production in Fixed Prosthodontics
6.5.4 CAD/CAM Single Crowns
6.5.5 CAD/CAM Partial Fixed Dental Prostheses
6.6 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Removable Prosthodontics
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 History of Complete Dentures and the Development of CAD/CAM Technology
7.1.2 Advantages of CAD/CAM Dentures
7.1.3 Disadvantages of CAD/CAM Dentures
7.2 Techniques Available for Fabricating CAD/CAM Complete Dentures
7.3 AvaDent® Digital Dentures
7.3.1 Step-by-Step Procedures for the Fabrication of Complete Dentures Using the AvaDent® System
7.3.2 AvaDent Conversion Denture for Immediate Loading of a Complete Arch Implant Prosthesis
7.3.3 Clinical Procedures
7.3.4 Technique Description for the Fabrication of a Digital Definitive Fixed Complete Denture
7.3.5 Laboratory Phase
7.3.6 Placement of Definitive Maxillary Denture and Mandibular Fixed CD
7.4 The Ivoclar Digital Denture™
7.4.1 Traditional Wax-Rim Bite
7.4.2 Impressions and Bite Registration in Existing Dentures
7.4.3 Direct to Try-in Workflow
7.4.4 Biofunctional Prosthetic System Workflow
7.4.5 Clinical Try-in Appointment
7.4.6 Definitive Denture Placement Appointment
7.4.7 Dentca™ CAD/CAM Dentures
7.4.8 Laboratory Procedures
7.4.9 Second Appointment
7.5 Amann Girrbach® AG
7.5.1 The Ceramill® Full Denture System
7.6 VITA VIONIC®
7.6.1 Baltic Denture System
7.6.2 Dentsply Dentures
References
Chapter 8 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Removable Partial Prosthodontics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 A Brief Historical Perspective
8.3 Introduction of CAD/CAM Technologies
8.4 Subtractive Manufacturing Technology for RPD Frameworks
8.5 Additive Manufacturing Technology for RPD Frameworks
8.6 RPD Framework Fit Assessment
8.6.1 Advantages of CAD/CAM Methods for Fabricating RPD Frameworks
8.6.2 Disadvantages of CAD/CAM Methods for Fabricating RPD Frameworks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Implant Surgery: Computer-Aided Implant Surgery
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Prosthetically Driven 3D Implant Positioning
9.3 Computer-Aided Implant Planning
9.4 Computer-Aided Implant Surgery
9.5 Static Computer-Aided Implant Surgery and Guides
9.5.1 Surgical Template Fixation Methods
9.5.2 Fabrication Methods
9.6 CAD/CAM Fabrication of Surgical Guides
9.6.1 Stereolithographic Surgical Guides
9.6.2 Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) of Guides
9.6.3 Workflows for Static Computer-Aided Implant Placement
9.6.4 Partially Edentulous Arches (Single and Multiple Missing Teeth)
9.6.5 Completely Edentulous Arches
9.7 Workflows for Dynamic Computer-Aided Implant Surgery
9.7.1 Human-Controlled Dynamic Computer-Aided Implant Placement
9.8 Robot-Assisted Implant Placement (Haptic Guidance)
9.9 Static Versus Dynamic Computer-Aided Implant Surgery
9.9.1 Effectiveness of Computer-Aided Implant Surgery
9.9.2 Accuracy
9.9.3 Influencing Factors
9.9.4 Guide-Related Factors
9.9.5 Software-Related Factors
9.9.6 Operator-Related Factors; Experience
9.9.7 Patient-Related Factors
9.9.8 Possible Complications
9.10 Clinical Applications of Computer-Aided Implant Surgery
9.10.1 Morbidity and Efficiency of Minimally Invasive Implant Surgery
9.10.2 Immediate Provisionalization or Custom Healing Abutments for Single Implant Placement
9.10.3 Computer-Aided Implant Surgery and Immediate Loading for Full-Arch Rehabilitations
9.11 Future Directions
9.12 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Implant Prosthodontics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Implant Abutments
10.2.1 Prefabricated Abutments
10.2.2 Custom Abutments
10.3 CAD/CAM Abutment Design
10.4 ATLANTIS Abutments
10.5 NobelProcera Abutments
10.6 BellaTek Encode System
10.6.1 Abutment Design Considerations for Full-Arch Implant Prosthesis
10.7 Summary
References
Chapter 11 Virtual Articulators
11.1 Traditional Mechanical Articulator
11.2 Virtual Articulator
11.2.1 Need for Virtual Articulators
11.2.2 History of Virtual Articulators
11.3 Virtual Articulation
11.3.1 Brief Overview of Clinical Procedures
11.3.2 Digital Data Acquisition
11.3.3 Intraoral Scans
11.3.4 Facial Scan
11.3.5 CBCT Scans
11.3.6 Virtual Interocclusal Records
11.3.7 Virtual Facebow
11.3.8 Fabrication of Facial Scan Appliance
11.3.9 Data Collection and Registration of Facial Scans
11.3.10 Virtual Articulation
11.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Digital Applications in Endodontics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Digital Diagnostic Technologies
12.2.1 Pulp Vitality Versus Sensibility Testing
12.2.2 Allodynia Measuring Device
12.2.3 Optical Coherence Tomography
12.2.4 Cone Beam Computed Tomography
12.2.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
12.2.6 Ultrasound Real-Time Imaging of Periapical Lesions
12.3 Electronic Technologies in Local Anesthesia
12.4 Digital Technologies in Root Canal Treatment
12.4.1 Magnification Technologies: Microscopes, Videoscopes, and Endoscopes
12.4.2 Sonic, Ultrasonic, and Multisonic Technologies
12.4.3 Root Canal Instrumentation: Rotary and Reciprocating Files
12.4.4 Root Canal Obturation
12.4.5 Down Pack Technologies
12.4.6 Thermoplasticized Gutta Percha
12.4.7 Carrier-Based Technologies
12.5 Guided Approaches for Surgical and Non-surgical Endodontic Treatment
12.6 Artificial Intelligence in Endodontics
References
Chapter 13 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Orthodontics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 History
13.2.1 Diagnosis and Treatment Plan
13.3 Imaging
13.3.1 Penetrating Imaging
13.4 Cone Beam Computed Tomography Dosage
13.4.1 Surface Imaging
13.5 Treatment
13.5.1 Fixed Appliances
13.6 Removable Appliances and Aligners
13.6.1 Removable Appliances
13.6.2 Clear Aligners
13.7 Office Management
13.7.1 Software Management
13.7.2 Three-Dimensional Printing
13.7.3 Model Printing for Plastic Retainer Fabrication and for Record Documentation
13.7.4 Model Printing for Fabrication of Limited Clear Aligner Series
13.7.5 Model Printing for Fabrication of Full Series of Aligner, Plastic Retainers for Indirect Bonding, and Other Complex Procedures
13.7.6 Teledentistry
13.7.7 Teledentistry for Orthodontics (TeleOrtho)
13.7.8 Laboratory Procedures
13.7.9 Appliance Fabrication
13.8 Summary
References
Chapter 14 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Conventional Maxillofacial Prosthetics Workflow
14.2 Digital Maxillofacial Prosthetics Workflow
14.3 Defect Digital Acquisition and Virtual Reproduction
14.4 Digital Defect Visualization and Reconstruction Design
14.5 Digital Scan Visualization
14.6 Digital Rehabilitation
14.7 Digital Skin Tone Reproduction
14.8 Digital Prosthesis Manufacture
14.9 Summary
References
Chapter 15 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Types of Digital Data
15.3 Digital Imaging
15.4 Optical Scans
15.5 Clinical Applications
15.5.1 Dentoalveolar Surgery
15.5.2 Maxillofacial Pathology and Reconstruction
15.5.3 Orthognathic Surgery
15.5.4 Facial Esthetic Surgery
15.5.5 Temporomandibular Disorders
15.5.6 Maxillofacial Trauma
15.5.7 Maxillofacial Prosthetics
15.5.8 Navigation in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
15.5.9 Robotic Maxillofacial Surgery
15.6 Summary
References
Index
EULA