Climate Impacts on Agricultural and Natural Resource Sustainability in Africa

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors Biographies
Part I: Introduction
Agricultural and Natural Resource Sustainability Under Changing Climate in Africa
1 Introduction
2 Agricultural Productivity and Population Growth
3 Soil and Water Resources
4 Impact of Climate Change
5 Value Addition for Smallholders
6 Innovative Technologies on Smallholder Farms
7 Transformative Thinking in Agriculture
8 Conclusions
References
Part II: Conservation Agriculture, Carbon Sequestration, and Soil and Water Management
The Prospects for Conservation Agriculture in Ethiopia
1 Introduction to Conservation Agriculture (CA)
2 Conservation Agriculture in Africa
3 The Ox-Plough System in Ethiopia
4 Effect of CA on Soil Properties, Soil Erosion and Yields in Ethiopia
5 Effect of CA on Labour Use and Economic Return
6 Adoption of CA in Ethiopia
7 Practical Experiences of CA
8 Upscaling of CA in Ethiopia
9 Conclusions
References
Land Use Changes and Sustainable Land Management Practices for Soil Carbon Sequestration in Sub-Saharan African Agro-ecosystems
1 Introduction
2 An Overview of SOC
2.1 Components of SOC
2.2 Dynamics of SOC
2.3 Functions of SOC
2.4 Soil C Sequestration
3 SOC Stocks in SSA
4 Impact of Land Use Changes on SOC Stocks in SSA
5 Sustainable Land Management Options for Soil C Sequestration in SSA
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Gendered Adaptation and Coping Mechanisms to Climate Variability in Eastern Uganda Rice Farming Systems
1 Introduction
1.1 Gender Dynamics, Climate Change, and Food Security
1.2 Rice Production in Uganda
1.3 Problem Statement and Rationale for the Study
1.4 The Overall Objective
1.5 Specific Objectives of the Study
1.6 Research Questions Addressed
2 Methodology
2.1 Rationale for the Selection of the Study Area
2.2 Description of the Study Area
2.3 Map of the Study Area
2.4 Sampling Procedure
Identification of Respondents
2.5 Data Collection Methods and Tools
2.6 Data Analysis
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Existing Gender Differences and Livelihood Strategies Employed Within the Upland and Lowland Rice Farming Systems
Land Ownership Under Upland and Lowland Rice Production Systems
Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondents
Community Profile and Livelihoods
Rice Production and Gender Roles in the Zone
Current Status of Rice Production in the Zone
3.2 Effects of Climate Variability (ECV) and Their Consequences on Women and Men Rice Farmers
Effects of Climate Variability on Crop Production Sequence and Yields
Effects of Climate Variability on Main Crop Yields
Effect of Climate Variability on Cultivable Crop Area
Effect of Climate Variability on Livestock Production
Other Effects of ECV on Livelihoods
3.3 Coping Strategies Employed Under Different Consequences of ECV
3.4 Decisions on Choice of Coping Strategies Employed by Households
Decisions on Factors to Consider when Changing Rice Varieties
Factors to Consider when Changing Cropping Patterns
Factors to Consider when Adopting Technologies
Varietal Characteristics That Influence Adoption of a Technology
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Integrated Soil Fertility Management Based on Pigeon Pea and Cowpea Cropping Systems Influences Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Yields and Quality of Subsequent Maize on Alfisols in Central Malawi
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Site Description and Characterization
2.2 Initial Soil Fertility Status at the Start of the Experiment
2.3 Soil Sampling and Analysis
2.4 Treatments and Residue Quality Determination
2.5 Soil Mineral N Assessment During the Growing Season
2.6 Harvesting and Determination of Yields, Harvest Indices and Plant Analysis to Determine Grain Protein Content
2.7 Determination of N Uptake and Nitrogen Use Efficiency
2.8 Rainfall Data Collection
2.9 Data Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Monthly Rainfall at the Lilongwe and Dowa Sites in the 2014/2015 Cropping Season
3.2 Selected Post-harvest Soil Properties from the Previous Legume-Based Cropping Systems for Lilongwe and Dowa Sites
3.3 Stover Quality from Previous Cropping Systems for Lilongwe and Dowa Sites
3.4 Field Soil Mineral N Patterns as Influenced by the Previous Season at Lilongwe and Dowa Sites
3.5 Nitrogen Uptake by Maize Plants as Influenced by the Previous Cropping Systems at Lilongwe and Dowa Sites
3.6 Maize Grain and Total Dry Matter Yields and Harvest Indices as Influenced by the Previous Cropping Systems at Lilongwe and Dowa Sites
3.7 Maize Grain Protein Content as Influenced by the Previous Cropping Systems at Lilongwe and Dowa Sites
3.8 Nitrogen Use Efficiency as Influenced by the Previous Cropping System at Lilongwe and Dowa Sites
4 Discussion
5 Summary and Conclusions
References
A Hydrological Assessment of Wetlands in Lilongwe Peri-urban Areas: A Case of Njewa Catchment, Lilongwe, Malawi
1 Introduction
2 Methodology and Study Area
2.1 Study Area
2.2 The Method
2.3 Remote Sensing Data
2.4 Meteorological Data and Hydrological Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions and Recommendation
References
Part III: Sustainable Crop/Livestock/Aquaculture/Fish Production
Productivity and Chemical Composition of Maize Stover and Rice Straw Under Smallholder Farming Systems Intensification in Tanzania
1 Introduction
1.1 Importance of Maize and Rice on Food Security in Tanzania
1.2 Importance of Maize and Rice on Livestock Feed in Tanzania
1.3 Addressing Sustainable Intensification of Maize and Rice Crops as Food and Feed in Tanzania
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Sites and Crops
2.2 Treatments
2.3 Crop Harvesting and Crop Residues Chemical Analysis
2.4 Data Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crop Residues Productivity
3.2 The Chemical Composition of the Maize Stover from Different Demonstration Sites
3.3 The Chemical Composition of the Rice Straw from Different Demonstration Sites
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Intensification of Sorghum and Pearl Millet Production in the Sahel-Sudanian Climatic Zones of Mali
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Effect of Drying Time on Primed Seed Germination
Measurements and Data Analysis (Common to the Two Experimental Series)
Fertilizer Use Efficiency
Analysis of Environmental Conditions on the Response to Seed Priming and Microdosing
Economic Analysis
Cumulative Probability for Gross Margin
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Yield Increase in Sorghum and Millet
3.2 Effects of Storage Time of Primed Seeds on Sorghum and Millet Plant Establishment and Yield
3.3 Environmental Conditions on the Response to Seed Priming and Microdosing
3.4 Risk of Seed Priming and Microdosing
4 Conclusion
References
Impact of Climate Variability on the Use and Exposure of Pesticides in Sugarcane Production in Malawi
1 Introduction
1.1 Importance of Sugarcane
1.2 Impact of Climate Change on Sugarcane Production
2 Properties of Pesticides Used in Sugarcane Production in Malawi
3 Ways Through Which Climate Influences Pesticide Use and Exposure
3.1 Pest Occurrence
3.2 Pesticide Toxicity
3.3 Pesticide Degradation
3.4 Pesticide Transport
3.5 Pesticide Sorption
4 Conclusion
References
Yield and Profitability of Cotton Grown Under Smallholder Organic and Conventional Cotton Farming Systems in Meatu District, Tanzania
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Site Description
2.2 Experimental Plot Initial Soil Properties
2.3 Weather Data
2.4 Field Experimental Design and Treatments
2.5 Determination of Yield
2.6 Assessment of the Profitability
2.7 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Weather Conditions in the Growing Seasons
3.2 Yield and Economic Performance
3.3 Yield Compared to Potential Yield
4 Discussion
4.1 Yield and Economic Performance
Current Practices
Higher-Input Scenario
Innovative Practices
Manure-Fertiliser Combination
Three Sprays of Neem-Leaf Extract and Cow Urine
Cotton-Legume Intercrop
4.2 Yield as Compared to Potential Yield
5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
In Search of Climate-Smart Feeds: The Potential of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum, L.) to Replace Maize as an Energy Feed Ingredient in Broiler Diets in Malawi
1 Introduction
1.1 Pearl Millet as an Alternative Energy Feed Ingredient
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Feed Ingredients and Chemical Analysis
2.2 Dietary Treatments
2.3 Broiler Management and Experimental Design
Determination of Feed Intake, Body and Carcass Weight, and Mortality Rates
Digestibility
Ethical Considerations
2.4 Data Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Nutrient Composition of Pearl Millet and Maize
3.2 Effects of Different Pearl Millet Inclusion Levels on Growth Performance of Broilers
3.3 Effect of Different Pearl Millet Inclusion Levels on Carcass Characteristics of Broilers
3.4 Effect of Different Pearl Millet Inclusion Levels on Feed Digestibility
3.5 Effect of Pearl Millet on Productivity Cost
4 Discussion
4.1 Comparative Nutrient Composition of Pearl Millet and Maize
4.2 Effects of Different Pearl Millet Inclusion Levels on Growth Performance and Carcass Yields of Broilers
4.3 Effects of Different Pearl Millet Inclusion Levels on Cost of Production
5 Conclusion
References
Climate Change and Weather Variability Effects on Cattle Production: Perception of Cattle Keepers in Chikwawa, Malawi
1 Introduction
2 Significance of Livestock and Climate Change Interface
3 Methodology
3.1 Location
3.2 Data Collection
3.3 Data Analysis
4 Results
4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
4.2 Awareness of Weather Variability: Impacts and Causes
4.3 Perceived Effects and Impacts of Climate Change and Weather Variability on Cattle Production
4.4 Interventions to Address Negative Impacts
4.5 Extension Services and Other Interventions
5 Discussion
5.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
5.2 Knowledge on Issues of Climate Change and Weather Variability
5.3 Fodder and Water Availability and Climate Change
5.4 Disease Incidences
6 Conclusion
7 Recommendations
References
A Cohort Study of Reproductive Performance, Associated Infections and Management Factors in Zebu Cows from Smallholder Farms in Malawi
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Milk Sampling
2.2 Blood Sampling
2.3 Laboratory Analyses
3 Statistical Analyses
4 Results
4.1 Antibody Results
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Effect of Dry Season Supplement Feeding of Malawi Zebu Cows on Reproductive Performance, Lactation and Weight Gain in Calves
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Statistical Analyses
4 Results
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Effects of Concentrate Supplementation on the Fatty Acid Composition of Fat Depots in Crossbred Goats
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Animals and Treatments
2.2 Feeding Management
2.3 Sampling of LD, MM and OF for Fatty Acid Analyses
2.4 Fatty Acid Analyses
2.5 Physical and Chemical Compositions of Dietary Feeds
2.6 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Fatty Acid Composition in M. Longissimus Dorsi (LD)
3.2 Fatty Acid Composition in Minced Meat (MM)
3.3 Fatty Acid Composition in Omental Fat (OF)
3.4 Distribution of Fatty Acids in MM, LD and OF
4 Discussion
4.1 Fatty Acid Composition in M. Longissimus Dorsi (LD)
4.2 Fatty Acid Composition in Minced Meat (MM)
4.3 Fatty Acid Composition in Omental Fat (OF)
4.4 Distribution of Fatty Acids in MM, LD and OF
5 Conclusion
References
Goat Milk Quality and Possible Dairy Products from Rural Households of Tanzania and Malawi Under the Farmer-Processor Partnership
1 Introduction
2 Goat Milk Quality, Handling and Processing
2.1 Goat Milk Quality
2.2 Chemical Composition of Goat Milk
2.3 Goat Milk Processing
Technological Properties of Goat Milk
Fluid Milk Beverages
Yoghurt
Cheeses
3 Nutritional Aspects of Goat Milk and Goat Milk Products
4 Possible Farmer-Processor Partnerships
5 Conclusions
References
The Need for Farmer Support and Record Keeping to Enhance Sustainable Dairy Goat Breeding in Tanzania and Malawi
1 Introduction
2 The Review Methods and Data Searching
3 Review Results
3.1 Practices and Challenges Related to Dairy Goats Breeding in Tanzania and Malawi
3.2 Dairy Goat Crossbreeding Programs in Tanzania and Malawi
3.3 Available and Suitable Dairy Goat Breeding Options for Tanzania and Malawi
3.3.1 Scheme for Breeding Dairy Goats Based on Simulation (Determining Number of Bucks)
3.3.2 Use of Records to Design a Breeding System for Dairy Goats
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Stratified Livestock Production and Live Animal and Meat Export from Ethiopia: Lessons from the Experience of a Donor Funded Project
1 Introduction
2 A Brief Review of the Livestock Production Systems
3 Feeding and Conditioning Systems for Slaughter Animals
4 Source of Animals for Meat and Live Animal Export
5 The Influence of SPS-LMM on Livestock and Meat Export
5.1 The Status of Livestock and Livestock and Meat Export Prior to the Project
5.2 Activities Accomplished by the SPS-LMM Program
5.3 The Contribution of SPS-LMM to Live Animal and Meat Export Performance
6 Conclusion
References
Of ‘White Elephant’ in Fisheries: A Conflict Resolution Model Around the Usage of Climate-Smart Fish Postharvest Technologies in Lake Malawi
1 Introduction
2 Participation in Fisheries Postharvest Management
3 The Community Scorecard
3.1 The Scorecard
3.2 Community Involvement
3.3 Management of Facilities
3.4 Infrastructure Development
3.5 Capacity Building
3.6 Adoption
4 Action Plan: The Resolution
5 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Policy and Institutions for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management
Policy and Action for Food and Climate Uncertainties in Malawi
1 Introduction
2 Approach
3 Sustainability of the Food System in Malawi
4 Measures Towards a More Sustainable Food System
5 Lessons Learned Regarding Efforts Towards a More Sustainable Food System
6 Conclusion
References
Need for Personal Transformations in a Changing Climate: Reflections on Environmental Change and Climate-Smart Agriculture in Africa
1 Introduction and Objectives
2 Transformation in a General Environmental Context
3 Reflections on Agriculture in an African Climate Change Context
4 Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
5 Personal Transformation: Key Concepts and Ideas
5.1 Transformative Learning: A Mean of Personal Transformation
5.2 Path of Transformation
5.3 Transformation Through Holistic Learning
5.4 Transformation Through a Multilogic Framework
5.5 Transformation Through Wisdom Traditions
6 Summary and Conclusions
References
Part V: Value Added Options for Smallholder Market Access and Integration
Between the Sun and Fish Are People: A Socio-economic Study of Solar Dryers for Fish Processing in Malawi
1 Introduction
2 Conceptualising the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Fish Processing in Chipala and Vinthenga: Value Chain and Value Addition
Benefits of the Solar Drying Method
3.2 Adoption of Technology Versus Limited Use of Fuelled Processing Methods
Adoption of the Solar Drying Method
Implementation Strategies
3.3 Implications of Gender Perspectives on the Livelihoods of Fish Processors
3.4 Sustainability Measures
Participation
Capacity Building
Supply and Demand for Smoked and Dried Fish
Value Addition
Value for Money
Diversification and Resilience
4 Conclusion
References
Profitability of Supplementary Feeding of Indigenous Cattle in Dry Areas of Tanzania
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Area, Climate and Production Systems
2.2 Method and Model
2.3 Data Material and Model Assumptions
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Effects of Concentrate Supplementation on Gross and Net Margins
3.2 Sustainability of the Current Pastoralist Production System
3.3 The Feasibility of Feeding Concentrates and Options for Roughage-Based Supplementation
4 Conclusions
References
Integrating Smallholder Farmers to Commodity Value Chains in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges, Prospects and Policy Issues
1 Introduction
1.1 The Sub-Saharan Africa Context
2 Methods
3 Description of Commodity Value Chains
3.1 Milk Value Chain
3.2 Vegetable Value Chain
3.3 Common Challenges and Key Analytical Issues
3.4 Integration of Smallholder Farmers to Commodity Markets
Contract Farming
Collective Action
4 Conclusions and Policy Implications
4.1 Conclusion
4.2 Policy Implications
References
Economic Rationale of Using African Weaver Ants, Oecophylla longinoda Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for Sustainable Management of Cashew Pests in Tanzania
1 Introduction
2 Insect Pests as Cashew Production Constraints
3 Management of Cashew Pests
4 The Use of Oecophylla longinoda in Controlling Cashew Pests
5 Methodology
5.1 Oecophylla longinoda Colony Identification and Mapping
5.2 Oecophylla longinoda Colony Collection and Transportation to Experimental Fields
5.3 Introduction and Rearing of Oecophylla longinoda Colonies
5.4 Effectiveness of Oecophylla longinoda in Controlling Cashew Pests
5.5 Economic Analyses of Using Oecophylla longinoda
6 Study Findings
6.1 Efficacy of Tested Insect Pest Control Methods
6.2 Economic Relevance in Using Oecophylla longinoda to Control Cashew Pests
Partial Budgeting
Marginal Rate of Returns
Benefit-Cost Analyses
7 Effective Use of Oecophylla longinoda on Cashew Pests
8 Conclusion
References
Part VI: Upscaling Innovative Technologies on Smallholder Farms
Determinants of ISFM Technology Adoption and Disadoption Among Smallholder Maize Farmers in Central Malawi
1 Introduction: Background and Context
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area, Data and Sampling Design
2.2 Conceptual Framework and Empirical Strategy
Conceptual Framework
Empirical Strategy
2.3 Empirical Models
Determinants of ISFM Technology Adoption
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Descriptive Statistics
3.2 Factors Influencing Adoption of ISFM Technologies
Complementarity and Substitutability of Adoption of ISFM Technologies
3.3 Determinants of Disadoption of Maize-Legume and Legume-Legume Intercropping and Rotation
Farmer Perceptions of the Reasons for Disadoption of ISFM Practices
4 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
References
Exploiting Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Rhizobia-Legume Symbiosis to Increase Smallholder Farmers’ Crop Production and Resilience Under a Changing Climate
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Site
2.2 Soil Sampling and Greenhouse Bioassays
2.3 Isolation and Characterization of Rhizobia
2.4 Determination of Percentage Mycorrhizal Colonization of the Maize Genotypes
2.5 Soil Analysis
2.6 Statistical Analyses
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Soil Characteristics
3.2 Effect of Cowpea Genotypes and Soil Characteristics on Rhizobia Nodulation
Relationship Between Soil Characteristics, Cowpea Nodulation and Plant Growth Parameters
3.3 Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Rhizobia Isolates
Bromothymol Blue (BTB), YEMA and Congo Red Reaction of the Rhizobia Isolates
Cluster Analysis of the Nodule Isolates Based on Morphological Characteristics
3.4 Effect of Soil Characteristics and Genotypes on Percentage AMF Colonization and Maize Growth
Relationship Between Soil Characteristics, Maize AMF Root Colonization and Growth Parameters
4 Conclusions
References
Availability, Access and Use of Weather and Climate Information by Smallholder Farmers in the Kilombero River Catchment, Tanzania
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of the Study Area
2.2 Research Design
2.3 Sample and Sample Size
2.4 Data Collection
2.5 Data Analysis and Presentation of Results
3 Results
3.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents
Age of Respondents
Gender of Respondents
Respondents’ Education Level
3.2 Available Climate Services to Smallholder Farmers and Their Accessibility and Use
Available Weather Services and Sources
Sources of Weather and Climate Information and Means of Access
Use of Weather Information in Agriculture
3.3 Respondents’ Distribution by Age and Means of Access to Weather and Climate Information
3.4 Respondents’ Gender and Means of Access to Weather and Climate Information
3.5 Respondents’ Education Level and Means of Accessing Weather and Climate Information
3.6 Barriers to Using Weather and Climate Information for Decision-Making of Smallholder Farmers
3.7 Factors for Enhancing Access and Use of Weather and Climate Information
4 Conclusions
5 Recommendations
References
Gender Differentiation in the Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies and Level of Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change in Malawi
1 Introduction
1.1 Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies in Malawi
1.2 Gender Differences in Adoption and Adaptive Capacities to Climate Change Impacts
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Study Design and Data Collection Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Adoption of Technologies
Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies by Sex of the Household Head
Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies Among Male and Female Smallholder Farmers
Preferences in Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies
Constraints to Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies by Male and Female Farmers
3.2 Level of Adaptive Capacity
Level of Adaptive Capacity and Socio-Economic Characteristics
Level of Adaptive Capacity by Sex of Respondents
Level of Adaptive Capacity by Sex of the Head of Household
3.3 Communication Channels for Disseminating Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies
4 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Smallholder Farming in Mara and Iringa Regions, Tanzania: Current Practices, Constraints and Opportunities
1 Introduction
1.1 Description of the Study Area
1.2 Plans for Irrigation Development in Tanzania
1.3 Micro-irrigation Technologies and Water Access by Smallholder Farmers
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of the Study Area and Approaches
2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
3 Research Findings
3.1 Characteristics of Respondents
3.2 Household Assets
3.3 Mode of Water Access for Crop Cultivation
3.4 Sources of Irrigation Water
3.5 Crops and Acreage on Various Water Control Classes
3.6 Financial Returns to Irrigation Under Different Water Control Technologies
4 Discussion of the Findings
4.1 Problems and Constraints to the Current Smallholder Farming Practices
4.2 Opportunities for Enhancing Smallholder Farming
5 Conclusions
References
Impact of Farm Input Subsidies Vis-à-Vis Climate-Smart Technologies on Maize Productivity: A Tale of Smallholder Farmers in Malawi
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Approach
3 Background and Implementation of the Farm Input Subsidy Program Vis-à-Vis Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies
4 Maize Productivity
4.1 Impacts of Subsidized Inorganic Fertilizer
4.2 Marginal Maize Productivity Impact of Subsidized Inorganic Fertilizer
Poor Soil Fertility
Loss of Soil Organic Matter
Water Stress
4.3 Impact of Integrating Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers
5 Synthesis of the Findings and Way Forward
5.1 Policy Synchronization
5.2 Integration Process
6 Conclusion
References
Digital Storytelling as an Agricultural Extension Communication Tool in Smallholder Farming and Fishing Communities in Malawi
1 Introduction: Digital Storytelling in Agricultural Extension Communication
2 Image-Based Digital Storytelling: A Hybrid Methodology
3 Image-Based Digital Storytelling: Workshops and Field Visits
4 Results: Stories from Dedza and Nkhotakota
5 Image-Based Digital Stories: Value, Validity, Capacity Building, Ownership and Empowerment
6 Where Do We Go from Here?
References
Assessing the Role of Storytelling Presentation in Knowledge Transfer from Climate Change Projects in Tanzania: The Case of the EPINAV Programme
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Framework and Storytelling in Projects
3 EPINAV Programme and Its Associated Storytelling
3.1 The EPINAV Programme
3.2 Planning Process and the Programme Document
3.3 Stakeholders and Characterisation
Funder
Main Beneficiaries
Researchers
Appraisal, Review, and Audit Teams
Programme Implementation Team
3.4 Results Framework and Building a Conflict
3.5 Resolution of the Base Story
4 Implementation of Activities, Midterm Review, and Progress Reporting
4.1 Storytelling During Implementation
4.2 Storytelling from Progress Reporting and Midterm Review
5 Finalisation: Final Reports and Evaluation
6 The Framework of Using Storytelling in Similar Actions
7 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Part VII: Conclusion
Knowledge Gaps and Research Priorities
1 Introduction
2 Rationale and Objectives of the Conference
3 Soil Resources and Degradation
4 Climate Smart Agriculture
4.1 Climate Smart Agriculture to Enhance Productivity
Irrigation for Vertical Intensification and Supplemental Irrigation
Site-Specific Fertilizer Recommendations and Landscape Soil Management
Sustainable Pest Management Practices and Improved Crop Varieties and Breeds
4.2 Climate Smart Agriculture and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
4.3 Climate Smart Agriculture and Weather Forecast
4.4 Climate Smart Agriculture and Adaptation to Climate Change Impact
4.5 Mapping Areas for Agricultural Potential Areas
5 Livestock Production and Mitigation Potential for Climate Change
6 Transformative and Transgressive Approaches
7 Research and Development Priorities and Emerging Issues
References
Index