Climate, Environment and Disaster in Developing Countries

Foreword
Introduction
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I Climate
1 Challenges of Climate Resilient Livelihoods and an Inquiry of Mitigation Strategies in India
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials and Methods
1.2.1 Physical Dividends of India
1.2.2 Impacts of Climate Change Associated with India
1.2.3 Food Security, Livelihood Risk, and Status of Indian Farmer
1.2.4 Crisis Management for Resilient Livelihood Option
1.2.5 Existing Plan and Policies
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Results
1.5.1 Data Analysis
1.5.2 Rainfall Anomalies
1.5.3 Human Development Index
1.6 Discussion
1.7 Major Findings
1.7.1 Feasible Way Out from Climatic Challenges
1.7.2 Major Focus Should Be Given to Fulfill the Targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in This Very Context of CC to Get Resilient Earth
1.8 Model of Land Zoning for Sustainable Livelihoods
1.8.1 Multi-Dimensional Way to Reduce Extreme Variability
1.8.2 The Four Thematic Pillars
1.8.3 Strategic Partnerships
1.9 Conclusion
References
2 Analysing LULC Change on Runoff and Sediment Yield in Urbanizing Agricultural Watershed of Monsoonal Climate River Basin in West Bengal, India
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Study Area
2.2.2 Data Used
2.2.3 Methodology
2.3 Results and Discussions
2.3.1 Land Use-Land Cover Change Analysis
2.3.2 Calibration and Validation of Rainfall-Runoff Model
2.3.3 Calibration and Validation of Sediment Yield Model
2.3.4 Changes in Runoff and Sediment Yield with Land Use
2.4 Conclusion
References
3 Remote-Sensing-Based Analysis of Relationship Between Urban Heat Island and Land Use/Cover Type in Bhubaneswar Metropolitan Area, India
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Study Area and Data
3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 Method for Land Use/Cover Classification
3.3.2 Method of Brightness Temperature Retrieval
3.3.3 Retrieval of Difference Indices
3.4 Result and Discussion
3.4.1 Changes of Land Use/Cover (LULC) Pattern of BMC
3.4.2 Temperature Variation Over Different LULC in BMC
3.4.3 Relationship Between LST and Different Indices
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Statistical Downscaling Method for Improving Global Model Rainfall Forecasts of Seasonal Rainfall Over West Bengal (WB), India
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Downscaling
4.1.2 Statistical Downscaling (SD)
4.2 The Study Area and Dataset Used
4.2.1 Study Area
4.2.2 Dataset Used
4.3 Methodology
4.3.1 BLUE Method
4.3.2 Simple Ensemble (Arithmetic Mean) Method
4.3.3 BCCA Method
4.3.4 The BCCA Procedure May be Presented in the Following Steps
4.4 Comparison of Results and Discussion
4.4.1 Rainfall Forecast Skills Over WB Region
4.4.2 Observed and the Forecasted Rainfall Fields
4.4.3 Analysis of the Forecasted Rainfall Fields
4.5 Summary of the Results for WB
4.6 Verification of Models for WB Rainfall Forecast
4.7 Conclusions and Further Work Possibilities
References
5 Identification of Climate Change Vulnerable Zones in Bangladesh Through Multivariate Geospatial Analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Study Area
5.2.2 Conceptual Framework for Climate Change Vulnerability
5.2.3 Indicator Selection and Data Collection
5.2.4 Normalization of the Indicators
5.2.5 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
5.2.6 Accumulation of Indicators to Assess Vulnerability
5.2.7 Classification of Raster
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 Retention of Unbiased Weights of Indicators
5.3.2 Climate Change Vulnerable Zones of Bangladesh
5.4 Conclusion
References
Part II Environment
6 Water Scarcity in Coastal Bangladesh: Search for Arsenic-Safe Aquifer with Geostatistics
6.1 Background
6.2 GIS and Geostatistics in Safe Groundwater Investigation
6.3 Water Right
6.4 Materials and Methods
6.4.1 Spatial Data
6.4.2 Arsenic Data and Tubewell Attribute Data
6.4.3 Data Analysis: Geostatistics with IDW
6.5 Results
6.5.1 Contamination Pattern
6.5.2 Interpolation Pattern
6.5.3 Safe Water Command and Demand Areas
6.5.4 Suitable for Arsenic-Safe Aquifers
6.6 Discussion
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Biodiversity Degradation of South-Western Region in Saudi Arabia
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Material and Methods
7.2.1 Study Area
7.2.2 Results and Discussion
7.3 Conclusion
References
8 Causes and Effects of Water Logging in Dhaka City
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Existing Drainage System in Dhaka City
8.3 Materials and Methods
8.4 Causes of Water Logging
8.4.1 Natural Causes of Water Logging
8.4.2 Man-Made Causes of Water Logging
8.5 Impacts of Water Logging
8.5.1 Social Impacts
8.5.2 Economic Impacts
8.5.3 Environmental Impacts
8.5.4 Health Impacts
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 Water Resource Development and Sustainable Initiatives of India: Present and Future
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rainfall Trends and Variability in India
9.3 River Basins and Water Resources of India
9.4 National Water Policy
9.5 Water Resource Management Issues
9.6 Interstate River Water Dispute
9.7 Inter-Basin Water Transfer Through Interlinking of Rivers
9.8 Sustainable Development of Water Resources
9.9 Sustainable Initiatives in India
9.9.1 Conclusion
References
10 Mapping and Reclamation of Wastelands in Drought-Prone Purulia District of West Bengal, India Using Remote Sensing and GIS
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and Methods
10.2.1 Study Area
10.2.2 Lithology
10.2.3 Topographical Characteristics
10.2.4 Drainage System
10.2.5 Data Used and Analytical Procedures
10.2.6 Methods
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.3.1 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Pattern of the Purulia District
10.3.2 Identified Categories of Wastelands in Purulia District
10.3.3 Spatial Distribution of Wastelands in Purulia District
10.3.4 Details of Category-Wise Wasteland Distribution
10.4 Recommendations for Wasteland Reclamation
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Soil, Water Salinization and Its Impact on Household Food Insecurity in the Indian Sundarbans
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Study Area
11.3 Database and Methodology
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.4.1 Soil Characteristics
11.4.2 Water Quality Analysis
11.4.3 Impact of Soil and Water Salinization on Food Insecurity of Households
11.5 Conclusion and Policy Implications
References
12 Impact of Water Reservoir and Irrigation Canals on Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Upper Kumari River Basin, West Bengal, India
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials and Methods
12.3 Study Area
12.4 Physiography and Landforms of the Area
12.5 Geological Setting
12.6 Drainage and Groundwater Condition of the Area
12.7 Reservoir and Irrigation Canals
12.8 Environmental Impact of the Reservoir and Canals
12.9 Conclusion
References
13 Spatial Pattern of Arsenic Contamination in Floodplain Aquifers, Western Bank of Bhagirathi River, Lower Ganges Delta, West Bengal, India
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Study Area
13.3 Regional Setting
13.4 Materials and Methods
13.4.1 Distribution of As Contaminated Tube Wells
13.4.2 Mapping of As Concentration
13.4.3 Depth-Wise Distribution of As
13.4.4 Floodplain Morphology and As Contaminated Tube Well
13.4.5 Litho-Stratigraphy and As Contaminated Tube Well
13.4.6 Seasonal Variation of As Concentration
13.5 Results and Discussion
13.5.1 Distribution of As Contaminated Tube Wells
13.5.2 Mapping of As Concentration
13.5.3 Depth Wise Distribution of Arsenic
13.5.4 Geomorphic Control
13.5.5 Stratigraphic Control
13.5.6 Seasonal Variation of As Concentration: A Case Study
13.5.7 Severity and Impact of As Contamination
13.6 Conclusions
References
14 Spatial Pattern of Groundwater Depletion, Its Access and Adaptive Agricultural Strategies in Barddhaman District, West Bengal, India
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Study Area
14.3 Objectives of the Study
14.4 Materials and Methods
14.5 Geology and Hydrological Settings of the Selected C.D. Blocks, Barddhaman District
14.6 Results and Discussion
14.6.1 Pre-monsoon Groundwater Level
14.6.2 Post-monsoon Groundwater Level
14.6.3 Pre-monsoon Long-Term Tendency of Groundwater Level
14.6.4 Post-Monsoon Long-Term Tendency of Groundwater Level
14.6.5 Estimation of Groundwater Recharge
14.6.6 Groundwater Depletion and Investments in Irrigation Purpose
14.6.7 Sources of Investment and Access to Groundwater
14.6.8 Adaptation Strategies
14.7 Conclusion
References
15 Detection of Land Use/Land Cover Changes of Irga Watershed in the North–Eastern Fringe of Chota Nagpur Plateau, Jharkhand, India
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Study Area
15.3 Data Used and Methodology
15.4 Results and Discussion
15.4.1 Analysis of LULC Change
15.4.2 Decadal Change
15.4.3 Identification of Drivers
15.5 Accuracy Assessment
15.6 Conclusion
References
16 An Analytical Study on Interplay Between Physiographic Condition and Land Use Land Cover Dynamicity
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials and Methods
16.2.1 Study Area
16.2.2 Data Used
16.2.3 Extraction of Morphometric Attributes
16.2.4 Preparation of Topographic Complexity Map
16.2.5 Land Use Land Cover Classification
16.2.6 Multiple Correspondence Analyses (MCA)
16.3 Results and Discussion
16.3.1 Morphometric Analysis
16.3.2 Topographic Complexity Map
16.3.3 Land Use Land Cover Scenario
16.3.4 Temporal Change Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Scenario
16.3.5 Correspondence Analysis Between the Physiography with Land Use Land Cover for the Period of 2000 and 2018
16.4 Conclusions
References
17 Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Change Dynamics Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Most Effected Parts of Rajpur-Sonarpur Municipality
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Study Area
17.3 Materials and Methods
17.3.1 Data Used
17.3.2 Pre-processing and Classification
17.3.3 Post-classification
17.3.4 Accuracy Assessment
17.3.5 Kappa Coefficient
17.4 Results and Discussion
17.4.1 Land Use and Land Cover
17.4.2 Estimation of Vegetation Degradation
17.4.3 Urban Extension in Last Five years
17.4.4 Reason Behind the Land Use and Land Cover Change
17.4.5 Significance of Land Use and Land Cover Change Dynamics
17.5 Conclusion
References
Part III Disaster
18 Disaster Risk Reduction in the Changing Scenario
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Disaster Risk
18.3 Disaster Risk Reduction
18.4 Natural Disasters and Outbreak of Epidemic Diseases
18.5 Geospatial Solution for Disaster Risk Management
18.6 Disaster Risk Reduction Framework
18.7 Conclusion
References
19 Exploring the Impacts of River Morphology Change Associated Natural Disasters on Teesta Riparian Environment of Bangladesh
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Objectives of the Study
19.3 Methodology
19.4 Teesta River Morphology Change and Natural Disaster Impacts
19.5 Results and Discussion
19.5.1 Impact of Flood on Riparian Environment
19.5.2 Impact of Erosion on Environment
19.5.3 Sedimentation Effects on Environment
19.5.4 Diversified Landscape Development Through Channel Shifting Impact
19.6 Concluding Remarks
References
20 An Assessment on Effects of Coastal Erosion on Coastal Environment: A Case Study in Coastal Belt Between Kalu River Mouth and Bolgoda River Mouth, Sri Lanka
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Literature Review
20.3 Study Area
20.4 Methodology
20.4.1 Data Collection
20.4.2 Data Analysis
20.5 Results
20.6 Conclusion
20.7 Recommendations
References
21 Vulnerability and Exposures to Landslides in the Chittagong Hill Region, Bangladesh: A Case Study of Rangamati Town for Building Resilience
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Materials and Methods
21.2.1 Study Area
21.2.2 Methodology
21.3 Results and Discussion
21.3.1 Socio-economic Condition of the Respondents
21.3.2 Nature of Landslide
21.3.3 Causes of Rangamati Landslide
21.3.4 Impact of Rangamati Landslide
21.3.5 Coping Mechanism for Building Resilience and Sustainable Management Options in CHT
21.4 Conclusion
References
22 Hydro-Meteorological Analysis of 2015 Rarh Bengal Flood in the Lower Gangetic Plain of India: Exceptional, Fast and Furious
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Study Area
22.3 Anthropocene Flood History of the Rarh Bengal
22.4 Materials and Methods
22.5 Hydro-Meteorological Variability of the 2015 Rarh Bengal Flood
22.5.1 Meteorological Set-Up
22.5.2 Hydrological Variability
22.6 Results and Discussion
22.6.1 The 2015 Rarh Bengal Flood: Exceptional
22.6.2 The 2015 Rarh Bengal Flood: Fast
22.6.3 The 2015 Rarh Bengal Flood: Furious
22.7 Conclusion
References
23 Application of Remotely Sensed Data for Estimation of Indices to Assess Spatiotemporal Aspects of Droughts in Bankura District of West Bengal, India
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The Objectives
23.3 The Study Area
23.4 Datasets Used
23.5 Methodologies
23.5.1 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
23.5.2 Estimation of Drought Using Remote Sensing Technique
23.6 Results and Discussions
23.7 Conclusions
References
24 Temporal Variability of Discharge and Suspended Sediment Transport in the Subarnarekha River Basin, Eastern India: A Geomorphic Perspective
24.1 Introduction
24.2 The Subarnarekha Basin: Geomorphological and Hydrological Setting
24.3 Data and Methods
24.4 Results
24.4.1 Peak Discharge Variability
24.4.2 Temporal Variability of Suspended Sediment Transport
24.5 Discussion
24.5.1 Hydrological Variability and Its Geomorphic Implications
24.5.2 Controls on  Discharge and Sediment Load
24.6 Conclusion
References
25 Assessment of Jiadhal River Basin Using Sedimentary Petrology and Geospatial Approach
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Study Area
25.3 Database and Methodology
25.3.1 Data Used
25.3.2 Methodology
25.4 Results and Discussion
25.4.1 Results of Morphometric Analysis
25.4.2 Results of SedimentaryAnalysis
25.5 Conclusion
References
26 An Assessment of RUSLE Model and Erosion Vulnerability in the Slopes of Dwarka–Brahmani Lateritic Interfluve, Eastern India
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Brief Description of Study Area
26.3 Methodology
26.3.1 Secondary Database
26.3.2 Spatial Scale
26.3.3 Experimental Design and Erosion Measurement at Field
26.3.4 RUSLE Model Description
26.3.5 Model Validation and Evaluation Techniques
26.4 Results and Discussion
26.4.1 Measurement of Annual Erosion Rate at Field
26.4.2 Predicted Erosion Rate by RUSLE Modeling
26.4.3 Analyzing Model Validation and Evaluation
26.4.4 Erosion Vulnerability of Laterite Terrain
26.5 Conclusion
References
27 Urban Flooding Scenario and Human Response in Guwahati, India
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Study Area
27.3 Material and Methods
27.4 Results, Analysis and Discussion
27.4.1 Rainfall Pattern in Guwahati
27.4.2 Flood Situation of the City
27.4.3 Causes of Urban Floods
27.4.4 Consequences of Floods
27.4.5 Human Response to Urban Floods
27.4.6 Possible Mitigation Measures
27.5 Conclusion
References