Climate Change and Agriculture: Perspectives, Sustainability and Resilience

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Foreword
Chapter 1 Climate Change and Agriculture: State of the Art, Challenges, and Perspectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Climate Change: A Global Perspective
1.3 Climate Change and Food Security
1.4 Ancestries of GHGs and Global Warming
1.5 Intensification of Global Health Issues with Climate Change
1.5.1 Healthy Life with Healthy Climate
1.6 Climate Change Intensify Water Scarcity
1.7 Variation in Available Surface Water
1.8 Climate Change and Soil Resources
1.9 Relation of World Trade to Climate Change
1.10 Anthropogenic Activities Ameliorate Climate Change
1.11 Relationship of Carbon and Water Cycle with Climate Change
1.11.1 Water and Carbon Cycle
1.11.2 The Water Cycle
1.12 Impacts of Climate Change on Water and Carbon Cycles
1.12.1 Impacts on Carbon Cycle
1.12.2 Impacts on Global Carbon Cycle
1.13 Conclusion
1.14 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Climate-Smart Plants Combat Climate Change and Liability for Food Security
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Climate Change, Adaptability, and Ecology of Legumes Crop
2.3 Role of Legumes in Body Health Maintenance
2.3.1 Legumes in Diet Can Help in Cardiovascular Health Stimulation (Legumes and Soybean)
2.3.2 Legumes and Recovery of Digestive Health and Prevent Colon Cancer
2.4 Climate Change and Legume Productivity and Profitability
2.4.1 Short-Duration, High-Yielding Varieties
2.4.2 Improved Varieties with Drought Tolerance
2.5 New Niches
2.5.1 Faba Bean
2.5.2 Pea
2.5.3 Intercropping and Relay Intercropping
2.5.4 Mung Bean
2.5.5 Adzuki Bean
2.6 Advance Legumes Production Technology
2.6.1 Seed Inoculum
2.6.2 Method of Inoculation
2.6.3 Method of Sowing
2.6.4 Time of Sowing (Kharif Legumes/Rabi Legumes)
2.6.5 Seed Rate
2.6.6 Irrigation
2.6.7 Weed Management
2.6.8 Preventive Measures
2.7 Diseases and Insect Pest of Legumes and Their Control
2.8 Disease Management Program Should Include the Following Methods
2.8.1 Preventive Measures
2.8.2 Cultural Control
2.8.3 Chemical Control
2.8.4 BioControl
2.8.5 Cultural Control
2.8.6 Chemical Control
2.9 Harvesting and Threshing
2.10 Yield
2.11 Storage
2.12 Marketing
2.13 Advantages of Legume Planting
2.14 Conclusions
2.15 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Adapting Crops to Climate Change
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Potential of Genomics-Assisted Breeding in Producing Climate-Resilient Crops
3.3 Genomics of Climate-Resilient Crops
3.3.1 Cereals
3.3.2 Oilseeds and Pulses
3.3.3 Millets
3.3.4 Forest and Fruit Tree Crops
3.4 Genomics-Assisted Breeding Strategies for Climate-Resilient Traits
3.5 Flowering Time and Drought Adaptation
3.6 Tolerance for Heat and Cold Stress
3.7 Salinity and Submergence Tolerance
3.8 Tools of Genetic Engineering to Target Mutagenesis
3.9 Conclusion
3.10 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Role of Biotechnology in Climate-Resilient Agriculture
4.1 Crop Yield Sensitivity to Climatic Variability as the Basis for Creating Climate Resilient Agriculture
4.2 Role of Biotechnology for Breeding Climate Resilient Varieties of Field Crops
4.2.1 Genetic Engineering
4.2.2 Genome Editing
4.2.3 Molecular Breeding
4.3 Conclusion
4.4 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Breeding Crops for Tolerance to Salinity, Heat, and Drought
5.1 Genetic Engineered Plants for Stress Tolerance
5.2 Genome Selection (GS) for Crop Improvement
5.3 Bio Molecular Intervention in Understanding Plant Adaptation to Climate Change
5.3.1 Drought
5.3.2 Salinity
5.3.3 Heat
5.4 Conclusion
5.5 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Innovative Approaches in the Breeding of Climate-Resilient Crops
6.1 Importance to Adapt Crops to New and Changing Environments
6.2 Utilizing Existing and Creating New Genetic Variability
6.2.1 Target Crossings with Existing Gene Pools
6.2.2 Induced Mutations
6.2.3 Phenomics
6.3 Development of Climate Resilience in Major Crops
6.3.1 Maize
6.3.2 Small Grains
6.3.3 Oil Crops
6.4 Genomics Strategies for the Development of Climate Resilient Crops
6.4.1 QTL Mapping and MAS
6.4.2 Genome-Wide Association Studies and Genomic Selection
6.4.3 Epigenomics
6.4.4 Integration of -Omics Technologies
6.4.5 Genome Editing
6.5 Biometrical Tools for Envirotyping
6.5.1 Phenotypic Data Analysis and GE Interaction
6.5.2 Genomic Prediction Modelling
6.6 Final Remarks
6.7 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7 Challenges of Soil Fertility Under Changing Climate and Its Opposing Components
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Soil Productivity and Soil Health with Climate Change
7.3 No Life on Earth Without Soil Biota
7.4 Exogenous Application of Beneficial Microbes
7.5 Plants and Microbe are Thick as Thieves
7.6 Emerging Trends of Biofertilization
7.7 Microorganisms Convert Soil Carbon into Stable Forms
7.8 Soil Microbes and Carbon, Nitrogen Cycles
7.9 Biofertilizer Act as a Suppressing Agent for Pests and Pathogens
7.10 Beneficial Microbes Application Enhance Nitrogen Capturing and Fixation
7.11 Beneficial Microbe’s Application Improve Soil Structure
7.12 Beneficial Microbe’s Application Digest Nutrients in the Soil
7.13 Beneficial Microbes’ Application Preventing Diseases and Pests Attack
7.14 Beneficial Microbes Application Create Organic Matter for Soil
7.15 Biofertilizers, Nutrients Availability, and Crop Responses
7.15.1 Biofertilizers and Cereal Crops
7.15.2 Biofertilizers and Pulses
7.16 PSB on Crop Production
7.17 Mycorrhizas and Crop Production
7.18 Conclusion
7.19 Summary
References
Chapter 8 The Declining Trend of Soil Fertility with Climate Change and Its Solution
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Possible Changes in Imposing Variables
8.3 Processes and Mineralogical Change in Soils
8.4 Effects of Higher CO2 on Soil Fertility, Physical Conditions, and Productivity
8.5 Effects of Rainfall and Temperature Changes in Different Climates
8.6 Some Properties of Clay Surfaces
8.7 Resilience Against Physical and Chemical Soil Degradation
8.8 Resilience Against Soil Reduction (Anoxic Conditions)
8.9 Soil Reaction (pH)
8.10 Effects of a Rising Sea Level on Soils in Coastal Areas
8.11 Conclusions
8.12 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Nano-Black Carbon Is an Organic Tool for the Alleviation of Abiotic Stresses and Its Certain Damages Under Changing Climate
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Salinity Stress Mitigation with Nano-Black Carbon
9.3 Plant Wilting Stress Mitigation with Nano-Black Carbon Amendments
9.4 Relationship of Soil Microbiota with Nano-Black Carbon
9.5 Nutrients Stress Mitigation with Nano-Black Carbon
9.6 Plant’s Development of Nano-Black Carbon Amendments
9.7 Nano-Black Carbon Application and Phosphate Starvation in Plants
9.8 Conclusion
9.9 Summary
References
Chapter 10 Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Nonlegume Plants and Changing Climate
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nitrogen Fixation and Sustainable Agriculture
10.3 Key Features in Achieving N2-Fixing Activity
10.3.1 The Nitrogenase Reaction
10.3.2 The Energy Requirement
10.3.3 Sensitivity to Oxygen
10.4 Evolution of N2-Fixing Symbiosis
10.5 Association of Diazotrophs with Nonlegumes
10.6 Application of Microbial Inoculations
10.7 Conclusion
10.8 Summary
References
Chapter 11 Role of Phosphorus in Imparting Abiotic Stress Tolerance to Plants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Importance of Phosphorus (P) in Plant Metabolism
11.3 Phosphorus (P) Stress and Plant Growth
11.4 Phosphorus (P) Availability in Soil
11.5 P Accumulation and Use Efficiency
11.6 Phosphorus and Drought Stress
11.6.1 P Availability in Soil Under Drought
11.6.2 Drought Tolerance by P Fertilization
11.7 Phosphorus and Excess Moisture Stress
11.7.1 P Availability in Soil Under Excess Moisture
11.7.2 Excess Moisture Tolerance by P Fertilization
11.8 Phosphorus and Temperature Stress (Low/Chilling Temperature Stress, High Temperature Stress)
11.8.1 P Availability in Soil Under High/Low Rhizosphere Temperature
11.8.2 Physiological Changes in Plants at Membrane Level Due to Temperature Stress
11.8.3 Temperature Tolerance by P Fertilization
11.9 Phosphorus and High CO2
11.9.1 Impact of P Nutrition Under Excess CO2
11.9.2 P Availability in Soil Under High CO2
11.10 Phosphorus and Salinity Stress
11.10.1 P Availability in Saline Soil
11.10.2 Salinity Tolerance by P Fertilization
11.11 Conclusion and Future Work
11.12 Summary
References
Chapter 12 Climate Change and Cereal Production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Weather and Climate
12.3 Distribution and Production of Cereals
12.4 Effects of Climate Change on Cereals
12.4.1 Crops and Temperature
12.4.2 UV Radiation
12.4.3 Carbon Dioxide
12.4.4 Pest Attack
12.5 Introduction and Climate Change Scenario in Cereals
12.5.1 Rice (Oryza sativa)
12.5.2 Maize (Zea mays L.)
12.6 Effects of Climate Change on Cereal Production
12.7 Climate Change Impact on Crops Yield and Food Security
12.7.1 Paddy (Oryza sativa)
12.7.2 Maize (Zea mays L.)
12.7.3 Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
12.8 Potential Strategies to Increase Cereal Crops Production
12.8.1 Breeding
12.8.2 Irrigation and Fertilizer Efficiency
12.8.3 Increasing the Cultivation Area of Tolerant Cereal Crops
12.9 Conclusion
12.10 Summary
References
Chapter 13 Impact of Climate Change on Tea Cultivation and Adaptation Strategies: Special Emphasis on Tea Pests in North East India
13.1 Introduction
13.2 China: Impact of Climate Change in Tea Plantations and Possible Adaptation Strategies
13.3 Kenya: Impact of Climate Change in Tea Plantations and Possible Adaptation Strategies
13.4 Sri Lanka: Impact of Climate Change in Tea Plantations and Possible Adaptation Strategies
13.5 India: Impact of Climate Change in Tea Plantations and Possible Adaptation Strategies
13.5.1 Agro-Climatic Conditions Ideal for Tea Cultivation in North East India
13.5.2 Influence of Climate Change and Pesticides on Biotic Community Associated with Tea
13.5.3 Climate Change Trends in Major Tea Growing Regions of North East India
13.6 Impact of Temperature and Carbon on Insect Physiology and Abundance
13.7 Probable Adaptive Strategies for Climate Change in Relation to Tea Pest Management
13.8 Decisive Measures to Combat the Impact of Climate Change on Tea Cultivation in North-Eastern India
13.9 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 14 Impact of Climate Change on Integrated Pest Management Strategies
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Climate Change Impact on Agro-Ecosystems: Present Knowledge, Implications, and Uncertainties
14.2.1 Direct Climate Change Indicators Affecting Agricultural Production
14.2.2 Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Agricultural Production
14.3 Crop Responses to Changing Climate
14.3.1 How Changes in Temperature Affect Crops
14.3.2 How Changes in Precipitation Affect Crops
14.3.3 How Changes in CO2 Affect Crops
14.3.4 How Changes in Ozone Affect Crops
14.4 Effects of Climate Change on Plant Pests
14.4.1 Insects and the Environment
14.4.2 Plant Pathogens and the Environment
14.4.3 Weeds and the Environment
14.5 General IPM Principles
14.5.1 Prevention and Suppression
14.5.2 Monitoring and Decision Making
14.5.3 Direct Control Measures in IPM
14.5.4 Evaluation
14.6 Evaluation and Adaptation of IPM Practices Under the Conditions of Changing Climate and ‘Climate-Smart Pest Management’
14.6.1 Impact of Climate Change on Ecological Processes Important for Successful IPM
14.6.2 Adaptation of Cultivation and IPM Practices
14.6.3 ‘Climate-Smart Agriculture’ (CSA) and ‘Climate-Smart Pest Management’ (CSPM)
14.7 Conclusions
14.8 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15 Climate Change and Its Effects on Plant Viruses
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Aspects of Altered Agriculture Pattern
15.3 Climate Change
15.3.1 Direct Effects
15.3.2 Indirect Effects
15.4 Research Impediments and Precedence
15.5 Conclusion
15.6 Summary
References
Chapter 16 Utilization of Biowastes in Green Chemistry
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classification and Composition of Biowaste
16.2.1 Classification
16.2.2 Biomolecules in Biowaste
16.3 Methods Used for Extraction of Usable Components from Biowaste
16.4 Biowaste-Derived Products
16.4.1 Biofuels
16.4.2 Catalysts
16.4.3 Nanocomposites
16.5 Conclusion
16.6 Summary
References
Chapter 17 Assessing Satellite-Based Products in Characterizing Agricultural Drought Under Climate Changein Northeast Brazil
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Droughts and Impacts on Agriculture in NEB
17.3 Satellite-Based Agricultural Drought Indices
17.4 Precipitation-Based Drought Indices
17.4.1 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
17.4.2 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
17.5 Radiance-Based Drought Indices
17.5.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
17.5.2 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)
17.6 Soil Moisture-Based Drought Indices
17.6.1 SMAP-Based Soil Surface Moisture Estimates
17.6.2 SMOS-Based Soil Surface Moisture Estimates
17.7 Drought Early Warning Systems
17.8 Final Remarks
17.9 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 18 Understanding Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions of and Adaptations to Climate Change: The Case of the Zambezi Region, Namibia
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Background to Namibia
18.3 Review of Empirical Literature Pertaining to Namibia
18.4 Study Area
18.5 Data Discussion
18.5.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents
18.5.2 Perceptions of Climate Change
18.5.3 Adaptation Methods
18.6 Conclusion
References
Index
EULA