Clay Minerals and Synthetic Analogous as Emulsifiers of Pickering Emulsions

Front Cover
Clay Minerals and Synthetic Analogous as Emulsifiers of Pickering Emulsions
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Part 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Clay minerals: Classification, structure, and properties
1.1. Basic concepts, classification, and nomenclature
1.1.1. Aluminosilicate
1.1.2. Basal surface
1.1.3. Basal reflection
1.1.4. Bentonite
1.1.4.1. Mineralogical/petrological term
1.1.4.2. Industrial term
1.1.5. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)
1.1.6. Cation exchange
1.1.7. Clay
1.1.8. Clay minerals
1.1.9. Interlayer distance
1.1.10. Layer
1.1.11. Phyllosilicate
1.1.12. Kaolin
1.1.12.1. Petrologic term
1.1.12.2. Mineralogic term
1.1.13. Serpentine-kaolin
1.1.14. Smectite
1.1.15. Talc-pyrophyllite
1.2. Clay minerals with neutral structures
1.2.1. Clay minerals of the kaolin/serpentine group
1.2.2. Clay minerals of the talc/pyrophyllite group
1.3. Clay minerals with negatively charged layers
1.3.1. Clay minerals of the smectite group
1.3.2. Clay minerals of the mica group
1.3.3. Clay minerals of the vermiculite group
1.3.4. Clay minerals of the chlorite group
1.3.5. Clay minerals of the sepiolite/palygorskite group
1.4. Physical and chemical modifications of clay minerals
1.5. Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of emulsion formation and stability
2.1. Definitions
2.2. Thermodynamics of emulsification
2.3. Kinetic stability (metastability) of emulsions
2.4. Instability phenomena in emulsions
2.4.1. Sedimentation and creaming: Gravitation separation
2.4.2. Flocculation
2.4.3. Ostwald ripening
2.4.4. Coalescence
2.5. Preparation and stabilization of emulsions
2.5.1. Disrupting droplets by mechanical energy (comminution methods)
2.5.2. Low-energy emulsification methods
2.5.3. Protecting the oil–water interface
2.5.4. Electrostatic stabilization
2.5.5. Steric stabilization
2.5.6. Choosing the emulsifier according to the type of emulsion
2.5.7. Rheology modifiers
References
Chapter 3: Pickering emulsions: History and fundamentals
3.1. A brief history of Pickering emulsions
3.1.1. 1990s: The origins of solid-stabilized emulsions
3.1.2. From the 1910s to the 1980s: 80 years of modest advances
3.1.3. From the 1990s: The boom of Pickering emulsions
3.2. Formation and main characteristics of Pickering emulsions
3.2.1. Stability of emulsions
3.2.1.1. Desorption energy of particles at the interface
3.2.1.2. Adsorption kinetics of particles at the interface
3.2.1.3. Coverage rate and organization of particles at the interface
3.2.1.4. Behavior of the excess particles in the continuous phase
3.2.2. Droplet size
3.2.2.1. Concept of ``limited coalescence´´
3.2.2.2. Influence of the particle concentration and the volume of the dispersed phase on the droplet size
3.2.2.3. Influence of the particle size on droplet size
3.2.3. Emulsion type
3.3. Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Experimental multiscale approach and instrumental techniques for the characterization of Pickering emulsio
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Emulsion characterization at the macroscopic and mesoscopic and microscopic levels
4.2.1. Ability of particles to stabilize an emulsion
4.2.2. Type of obtained emulsions
4.2.3. Creaming or sedimentation and dispersion state of the emulsion
4.2.4. Drop size distribution
4.2.5. Limited coalescence
4.3. Particles at the interface
4.3.1. Characterization of individual particles at the liquid interface
4.3.2. Organization of particles at the liquid interface
4.3.3. Organization of particles at a model liquid interface
4.3.4. Mechanical properties of particle-laden model liquid interface
4.3.5. Mechanical properties of particle-laden drop surfaces in emulsions
4.4. Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Part 2: Pickering emulsion based on clay minerals
Chapter 5: Physical and chemical properties of layered clay mineral particle surfaces
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Surface-active clay minerals
5.2.1. Structural considerations
5.2.1.1. Structural formulas
5.2.2. Isomorphous substitution
5.2.3. Surface structures
5.2.3.1. Neutral siloxane surface
5.2.3.2. Hydroxyl surface
5.2.3.3. Siloxane surface with permanent charge
5.2.3.4. Broken edge sites
5.2.4. Particle morphologies
5.3. Surface wettability of clay minerals
5.3.1. Water sorption isotherms
5.3.2. Molecular modeling of clay-water interactions
5.3.2.1. Talc and pyrophyllite
5.3.2.2. Kaolinite
5.3.2.3. Montmorillonite
5.3.3. Surfaces with variable hydrophobic/hydrophilic characteristics
5.4. Surface modification
5.4.1. Siloxane surface of kaolinite and halloysite
5.4.2. Alumina hydroxyl surface of kaolinite and halloysite (lumen)
5.4.2.1. Siloxane surface with isomorphous substitution
5.4.3. Modification of edge site
5.5. Particle-particle interactions
5.5.1. Significance to Pickering emulsions
5.5.2. Perspectives on the factors controlling the structure and fabric of clay dispersions
5.6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Pickering emulsions and foams stabilization based on clay minerals
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Pickering emulsion or foam stabilized with clay mineral
6.2.1. Layered chain structure
6.2.2. Tubular structure
6.2.3. Layer structure
6.3. Stabilization manner of clay mineral in pickering emulsions or foams
6.3.1. Synergistically stabilized with clay mineral and small molecular
6.3.2. Synergistically stabilized with clay mineral and polymers
6.3.3. Synergistically stabilized with the clay mineral and other particles
6.4. Effect factors of Pickering emulsion or foams stabilized with clay mineral
6.4.1. Ion strength
6.4.2. Clay mineral particles concentration
6.4.3. Clay mineral particle size
6.4.4. Clay mineral shape
6.4.5. Dispersion pH
6.5. Application of the clay mineral stabilized pickering emulsion or foam
6.5.1. Application in enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
6.5.2. Application in preparation of clay-based polymeric nanoparticles
6.5.3. Application in preparation of the porous material
6.5.4. Application in catalysis reaction
6.5.5. Application in historic preservation
6.6. Conclusion and outlook
6.6.1. The unclear stabilization mechanism
6.6.2. The uniqueness of clay minerals is unrealized
Acknowledgments
Declaration of competing interest
References
Chapter 7: Pickering emulsions based on layered clay minerals with neutral structures, scrolls, and nanotubes morphologies
7.1. Clay minerals with neutral structures
7.1.1. Kaolinite
7.1.2. Halloysite
7.1.3. Talc
7.2. Clay minerals with neutral structures applied in emulsions
7.3. Emulsions containing nonionic clay minerals applied in biomedical and pharmaceutical areas
7.4. Dermatology and cosmetics applications
7.5. Environmental applications
7.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Pickering emulsions based on cation-exchanged layered clay minerals
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Smectite group of minerals
8.2.1. Laponite
8.2.2. Montmorillonite
8.3. Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Role of surfactants and polymers for clay minerals as stabilizer of Pickering emulsion
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Interactions between clay minerals and surfactant or polymers for Pickering emulsification
9.2.1. Short introduction on main layered clay minerals and description of their surface properties
9.2.1.1. Kaolinite
9.2.1.2. Halloysite
9.2.1.3. Montmorillonite
9.2.1.4. Laponite
9.2.2. Characterization techniques to evaluate interactions between surfactants and polymers and clay mineral surfaces
9.2.2.1. Contact angle
9.2.2.2. Surface tension
9.2.2.3. Zeta potential measurement
9.2.2.4. FTIR (Fourier-transformed infrared) spectroscopy
9.2.2.5. Thermogravimetric measurements (TGA)
9.3. A nonexhaustive overview of Pickering emulsions stabilized by clay minerals with surfactants and polymers
9.3.1. Some examples using kaolinite for Pickering emulsions
9.3.2. Halloysite as a Pickering stabilizer for enhanced oil recovery
9.3.3. Montmorillonite, a key material for clay stabilized Pickering emulsions
9.3.4. Laponite, a model clay for a versatile use in Pickering emulsions
9.3.5. Pickering clay emulsions with biopolymers
9.4. New materials derived from clay minerals Pickering emulsions
9.4.1. Emulsion polymerization for the synthesis of clay polymer nanocomposites (CPN)
9.4.2. Colloidosomes and liquid marbles
9.4.3. Porous materials derived from Pickering clay emulsions
9.5. Conclusion
References
Part 3: Pickering emulsion based on synthetic layered hydroxides
Chapter 10: Layered double hydroxides and hydroxide salts: Structure and properties
10.1. Layered compounds: Basic concepts and nomenclature
10.2. Layered double hydroxides
10.2.1. Layered double hydroxides with the composition [M2+1-xM3+x(OH)2] (An-)x/n.yH2O
10.2.2. Layered double hydroxides with the composition [Li(Al(OH)3)2](An-)1/n.yH2O
10.2.3. Layered double hydroxides with the composition M2+(Al(OH)3)nA2-.yH2O
10.2.4. Layered double hydroxides with the composition [M2+6Al3+3(OH)18][B+(H2O)6(X2-)2].6H2O
10.3. Layered hydroxide salts
10.3.1. Layered hydroxides salts: Simonkolleite: Zn5(OH)8Cl2.H2O
10.3.2. Layered hydroxides salts: zinc hydroxide nitrate dihydrate: Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2.2H2O
10.3.3. Other layered hydroxide salts
10.3.4. Layered hydroxides salts: sodium-gordaite: Zn4(OH)6(SO4)Cl.Na(H2O)6
10.3.5. Layered hydroxides salts: Osakaite/Namuwite family: Zn4(OH)6(SO4).nH2O
10.4. Methods of synthesis
10.4.1. Coprecipitation with constant and variable pH
10.4.2. Reconstruction or structural memory effect
10.4.3. Mechanochemical approach
10.4.4. Hydrolysis of salts and oxides
10.4.5. Exchange reactions
10.4.6. Diadochy reactions
10.4.7. Sol/gel method
10.5. Some applications and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Pickering emulsions based on layered double hydroxides and metal hydroxides
11.1. Introduction
11.1.1. LDH- and LHS- stabilizing particles used for Pickering emulsions
11.2. Oil-in-water emulsions
11.2.1. Water-in-oil emulsions
11.2.2. Water-in-water emulsions
11.3. Applications of Pickering emulsion stabilized by LDH/LSH particles
11.3.1. LDH preparation
11.3.2. Catalysis
11.3.3. Porous LDH materials
11.3.4. Toward nanocomposite colloids
11.4. Conclusions
References
Index
Back Cover