Chronic Disease and Disability: The Pediatric Kidney

Dedication
Contents
Preface
References
Introduction
Chapter 1
From the Kition, Cyprus and Aristotelian kidney to the 21st century pediatric kidney:
Standing on the shoulders of giants
Abstract
Introduction
Renaissance: Exordium of modern nephrology
Cardinal concepts in nephrology: The 19th century cognoscenti
Richard Bright (1789-1858)
Sir Robert Christison (1797-1882)
Pierre Rayer (1793-1867)
Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
Francis Delafield (1841-1915)
Cardinal concepts in nephrology: The 20th Century and the accession of American nephrologists
Thomas Addis (1881-1949)
Alfred Newton Richards (1876-1966)
Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1883-1971)
John P Peters (1887-1955)
Homer W Smith (1895-1962)
John P Merrill (1917-1984)
Emergence and emanation of pediatric nephrology from adult nephrology
Renal biopsy
Dialysis
Penultimate introduction section: Transplantation
Conclusion
References
Section one: The kidney and urogenital system
Chapter 2
The developing kidney
Abstract
Introduction
Renal development
Physiology of the neonatal kidney
Neonatal hydronephrosis
Abdominal mass in the newborn
Multicystic kidney disease
Polycystic kidney disease
Urteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Other abdominal masses
Cystic kidney disease
Glomerulocystic kidney disease
Nephronophthisis
Medullary cystic kidney disease
Diagnosis and management
Failure to thrive
Urinary tract infection in the newborn
Concepts of management
Electrolyte imbalances in the newborn
Screening renal ultrasound in other organ anomalies
CHARGE association/syndrome
Renal coloboma syndrome
Townes-Brocks syndrome
Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome
Aniridia and renal anomalies
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Point of care ultrasound of the kidney and bladder in pediatrics
Abstract
Introduction
Rationale
Key applications in pediatric urology
Ultrasound basics
Probe movements
Physics and artifacts
Modes
Anatomy
Embryology
Technique
The Bladder
Technique tips
Ureteral Jets
The Kidneys
Supine
Lateral Decubitus
Prone
Ultrasonographic patterns of kidney pathology
Hydronephrosis
Grades of hydronephrosis
Mimics of hydronephrosis
Nephrolithiasis
Medical renal diseases
Nephrocalcinosis
Renal cyst
Agenesis and multicystic dysplasia of the kidney
Focal pyelonephritis
Duplication of the collecting system
Horseshoe kidney
Ultrasonographic patterns of bladder pathology
Ureteroceles and distal hydroureter
Medical devices and foreign bodies
Other findings on POCUS of the bladder
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4
Renal disorders in adolescence: An overview
Abstract
Introduction
Organogenesis of the kidneys
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT)
Renal agenesis
Renal hypoplasia/dysplasia
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
Clinical consequences of VUR
Diagnosis and screening
Management
Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis
Surgical intervention
Other nonsurgical management
Obstructive nephropathy
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Glomerular filtration barrier (GFB)
Podocytes
Glomerular endothelial cells
Glomerular basement membrane
Proteinuria and hematuria
Proteinuria
Epidemiology
Mechanisms of proteinuria
Testing for proteinuria
Etiology
Transient proteinuria
Orthostatic proteinuria
Persistent proteinuria
Diagnostic evaluation
Management
Nephrotic syndrome
Epidemiology
Classification
Steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS)
Therapy for SSNS
Treatment for SRNS
Complications of nephrotic syndrome
Vaccinations
Hematuria
Incidence
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis
Imaging
Management
Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
Incidence
Pathophysiology
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN)
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Management
Alport syndrome
Genetics
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Management
IgA nephropathy
Epidemiology
Genetics
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Histopathology
Treatment
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Incidence
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Treatment
Lupus nephritis
Clinical presentation
Laboratory evaluation
Histological classification of lupus nephritis
Risk factors for progression
Treatment
Induction and maintenance regimens
Other biological agents
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
Classification
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Drugs and the kidneys
Risk factors
Renal injury due to nephrotoxins
Pediatric nephrolithiasis
Etiology
Clinical presentation
Diagnostic evaluation
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
Hypertension in adolescence
Abstract
Introduction
Classification of childhood and adolescent hypertension
Etiology
Essential hypertension
Pathophysiology of essential hypertension
Iatrogenic hypertension
Renal parenchymal disease
Endocrine Disease
Renovascular hypertension
Blood pressure measurements
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
Technique and operability
Interpretation of the results
Limitations
Evaluation and management of adolescent hypertension
History and physical examination
Laboratory investigation
Assessing target organ damage
Management of hypertension in adolescents
Non-pharmacological interventions
Weight management
Dietary intervention
Physical activity
Pharmacological interventions
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Aldosterone receptor antagonists
β-Adrenergic antagonists
Calcium channel blockers
Other antihypertensive agents
Management of hypertensive emergencies
Pathogenesis
Clinical presentation
Evaluation and management
Adherence and compliance in adolescents
Transitioning care
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
Autoimmune disorders in adolescence
Abstract
Introduction
Kidneys in autoimmune disorders
Lupus nephritis
The classification
Pathophysiology
Presenting features
Immunological presentations
Investigations and diagnosis
Urine investigations
Blood investigations
Immunological investigations
Renal biopsy
Management
Induction phase
Maintenance phase
Response to therapy
Refractory lupus nephritis
Adjunctive treatment
Management of ESRD
Renal vasculitis
Large vessel vasculitis
Medium vessel vasculitis
Kawasaki disease
Small vessel vasculitis
Renal transplant and autoimmunity
Measurement of anti- human leukocyte antigen antibodies
Allograft dysfunction
Adolescent issues
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7
Chronic kidney disease in adolescence
Abstract
Introduction
Definition and staging
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical features and management
Growth retardation
Nutrition
CKD mineral bone disorder
Anemia
Hypertension
Electrolyte disturbance
Neurodevelopment
Immunization
Puberty
Cardiovascular complications and dyslipidemia
Renal replacement therapy
Dialysis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
Tropical nephrology: A review
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical syndromes
Asymptomatic urine abnormalities
Macroscopic hematuria
Acute kidney injury
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria and kidney disease
Plasmodium falciparum
Treatment of falciparum induced acute kidney injury
Plasmodium malariae
Schistosomiasis
Lower urinary tract schistosomiasis: Schistosoma haematobium
Glomerular disease and schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis and the kidney: Treatment
Empiric treatment of proteinuria with uncertain diagnosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9
Enuresis: Current concepts and conundrums
Abstract
Introduction
Physiology of micturition
Urine storage
Bladder sensation
Voiding mechanism
Normal development
Definitions
Epidemiology
Clinical features
History
Physical examination
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment of nocturnal enuresis
Lifestyle changes and motivation therapy
Enuresis alarm and other non-pharamacological management
Pharmacologic treatment
Tricyclic antidepressants
Anticholinergics
Refractory nocturnal enuresis and referral
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10
Circumcision
Abstract
Introduction
Indications for circumcision
Indications for circumcision for religious, socio-economic reasons and medical prophylaxis
Economics
Penis cancer prevention
Cervical cancer links
Urinary tract infections
Sexually transmitted diseases
Circumcision procedure, contraindications and complications
Contraindications to circumcision
Complications
Alternatives to circumcision
Health politics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11
Understanding nephrotoxic medications
Abstract
Introduction
Acute kidney injury in the pediatric kidney
Clinical presentation and diagnosis
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Antibiotics
Vancomycin
Antifungals
Antivirals
Cidofovir
Foscarnet
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors
Chemotherapeutics
Cisplatin
Methotrexate
Immunosuppressants
Contrast media
Genetics
General management
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12
Hyperkalemia
Abstract
Introduction
Etiology
Increased potassium release from cells
Reduced urinary potassium excretion
Increased potassium intake
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment of hyperkalemia
Emergent treatment
Non-emergent treatment
Cation-exchange resins
Loop diuretics
Hemodialysis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13
Hepatorenal syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis and prognosis
Treatment
Pharmacologic treatment
Vasoconstrictors
Vasopressin analogues
Midodrine and octreotide combination
Norepinephrine
Renal replacement therapy
Surgical interventions
Organ transplant
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14
Goodpasture syndrome (Pulmonary-renal syndrome)
Abstract
Introduction
Definition
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Differential diagnosis
Clinical course
Renal symptoms
Other symptoms
Diagnostic considerations
Diagnostics and pulmonary disease
Management
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15
Current concepts of the Churg-Strauss syndrome (Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA))
Abstract
Introduction
Definition
Pathogenesis
Pulmonary features
Non-pulmonary features
Laboratory features
Differential diagnosis
Management
Churg-Strauss syndrome and the kidney
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16
Cardiac and renal manifestations of Pompe disease
Abstract
Introduction
Background and pathophysiology
Genetics and inheritance
Cardiac features
Late-onset Pompe disease
Differential diagnoses
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognostic factors
Renal features
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17
Genitourinary manifestations of
sexually transmitted infections
Abstract
Introduction
HIV and kidney disease
Acute kidney injury due to HIV
CKD due to HIV
HIV-associated nephropathy
HIV-immune complex disease
CKD and cART
Treatment-related kidney disease
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Pre-exposure prophylaxis and renal effects
HIV and CKD
Prevention and treatment of CKD
Hepatitis viruses and kidney disease
Types of renal disease associated with HBV infection
Dialysis and renal transplant with HBV infection
Antiviral drugs and renal dysfunction
Acute kidney injury (AKI)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
HCV nephropathy
Mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome (MCS)
Hepatorenal syndrome
HCV and renal transplant
Syphilis and renal disease
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestation
Renal manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special considerations for treatment
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Syphilis and HIV
Penicillin allergy
Treatment response to kidney function
Gonorrhea and chlamydia affecting the genitourinary system
Pathophysiology
Clinical presentation
Diagnostic workup
Treatment
Complications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18
The pediatric kidney in sepsis
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Management
Fluids
Renal vasodilators
Vasopressors
Diuretics
Renal replacement therapy
Optimization of nutrition
Prevention
Long-term outcomes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19
Chronic renal disease, exercise and sports participation
Abstract
Introduction
Renal function during exercise
Factors affecting exercise tolerance
Anemia
Cardiac changes
Skeletal muscle changes
Physical inactivity
Effects of exercise in persons with kidney disease
Cardiovascular structure and function
Skeletal muscles
Quality of Life
Considerations for physical activity and sport participation
Proteinuria
Hematuria
Protein intake and exercise training
Fluid balance, exercise and chronic kidney disease
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Section two: Chronic disease, palliative care and death
Chapter 20
Mental health considerations in renal disease
Abstract
Introduction
Impact on quality of life for the adolescents and families
The quality-of-life experience of the caregiver
Common psychiatric disorders in adolescents in renal disease
Depression and other mood symptoms
Anxiety disorders
Cognitive and learning difficulties
Psychopharmacology considerations
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Renal considerations for psychotropic agents
Special considerations: Dialysis patients
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21
Behavioral aspects of chronic illness
Abstract
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Clinical features
Family impact
Treatment
Medical home
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22
Psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability (CID) for children and adolescents: A global perspective
Abstract
Introduction
Search methods
Findings
Definition
Adaptation
Psychosocial adaptation
Common chronic illnesses and disabilities
Psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness: Overarching concepts
Psychosocial adaptation in the literature
Positive constructs
Child and adolescent developmental considerations
Emotional impact of CID
Protective/risk factors
Family
Team integration
Assessment of psychosocial adaptation
When to conduct psychosocial adaptation assessment
Psychosocial treatment and intervention
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23
Physicians’ use of brief counseling models in a pediatric outpatient setting
Abstract
Introduction
Database search
Findings
Definition
Role of the physician-patient relationship
Considerations in a pediatric setting
Brief counseling models
Health risk behavior models
FRAMES
Psychosocial models
Problem Solving Therapy
Solution Focused Therapy
Motivation and commitment models
Stages of Change (transtheoretical model)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24
Chronic disease and the dying adolescent
Abstract
Introduction
Effects of dying on adolescent development
Issues with adolescent consent, assent, or refusal of treatment
Parental issues
Issues for health care professionals and hospital staff
Impending death of the teen patient
Management concepts for the hospital staff
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Section three: Acknowledgements
About the editors
About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Israel
Mission
Service and academic activities
Research activities
National collaborations
International collaborations
Targets
Contact
About the Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMed), Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
Mission and service
Research and scholarly activities
Contact
Section four: Index
Index
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