This book outlines the production of chitooligossacharides and their derivatives and discusses their main biological activities, biomedical applications and their role in disease prevention. Chitooligosaccharides are products of chitosan or chitin degradation, prepared by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis of chitosan, and they consist mainly of N-acetyl glucosamine and glucosamine bonded with a glycosidic bond. Compared to chitin and chitosan, chitooligossacharides offer advantages for large-scale and commercial applications due to their solubility in water and lower molecular weight.
Written by leading experts, this book is divided into four parts. The first part provides a general introduction to chitooligossacharides. The second part focuses on the bioproduction of chitooligossacharides through enzymatic synthesis and also covers physical and chemical methods of synthesis. The third part explores the major biological activities of chitooligosaccharides, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and neuroprotective activities, and discusses the disease preventing mechanisms of chitooligosaccharides. In this section, readers will also find about the latest in vivo studies which support the use of chitooligosaccharides in the prevention and control of disease. The final part highlights important biomedical applications of chitooligosaccharides, including in tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound healing applications. It also includes the volume editor’s perspective on the health and safety risks of chitooligosaccharides.
Given its scope, this book is useful not only for researches in the field but also for students interested in biomaterials, pharmaceuticals, marine biotechnology, nutraceuticals and food science.
Author(s): Se-Kwon Kim
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 351
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editor
Introduction to Chitooligosaccharides
1 Introduction
2 Biocompatibility of Chitin and Chitosan
3 Safety of Chitosan Oligosaccharide
4 Organization of Book
5 Conclusion
References
Chemical Preparation of Chitooligosaccharides
1 Introduction
1.1 Chemical Preparation by Oxidative Reactions
2 Acid Hydrolysis of Chitosan
2.1 Degradation by Hydrochloric Acid
2.2 Degradation by Acetic Acid
2.3 Degradation by Phosphoric Acid
2.4 Degradation by Nitrous Acid
2.5 Depolymerization Using Potassium Per-Sulfate
3 Conclusions
References:
Enzymatic Production of Different Types of Chitooligosaccharides
1 Introduction
2 Enzymes Acting on Chitin and Chitosan
2.1 Specific Enzymes in the Formation of Chitooligosaccharides
2.2 Other Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis of Chitooligosaccharides
3 Chitooligosaccharides and Types of Chitooligosaccharides
4 Enzymatic Production of Chitooligosaccharides
4.1 Enzymatic Production of Chitooligosaccharides by Specific Enzymes
4.2 Chitooligosaccharides Production by Non-specific Enzymatic Depolymerization
4.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Chitooligosaccharides by the Transglycosylation Activity of Chitinase and Chitosanase
4.4 Synthesis of Chitooligosaccharides by Whole-Cell Biocatalytic Approaches
5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Synthesis of Chitooligosaccharides Derivatives
1 Introduction
2 The Manufacture of Chitin Oligosaccharides and Chitooligosaccharides
3 Synthesis of Chitooligosaccharides Derivatives
3.1 Synthesis of Carboxylated Chitooligosaccharides
3.2 Synthesis of Amino Derived Chitooligosaccharides
3.3 Synthesis of Sulfated Chitooligosaccharides
3.4 Synthesis of Quaternized Chitooligosaccharides
3.5 Synthesis of N-aryl Chitooligosaccharides
3.6 Synthesis of Phenol Acid Conjugated Chitooligosaccharides
4 Conclusion
References
Biological Preparation of Chitooligossacarides-Based Hydrogel Systems for Drug Delivery Systems
1 Introduction
2 Biological Preparation of Chitooligosaccharides (COS)
3 Application of Chitooligosaccharide in Drug Delivery Systems
References
Matrix Metalloproteinases Inhibitory Effects of Chitooligosaccharides
1 Introduction
2 The Role of MMPs in Cancer Progression
3 Chitosan/COS Sources and Methods for the Synthesis of COS
4 Methods to Prepare COS
5 Preparation of Chitin Oligomers
6 Chemical Hydrolysis
7 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
8 COS as MMP Inhibitors
9 Conclusion
References
Immunomodulatory Effects of Chitooligosaccharides
1 Immunity and Immune Modulation
2 Positive and Negative Modulations of the Immune Response
3 Chitin and Chitooligosaccharides: The Wonder Molecules
3.1 History
3.2 Chitooligosaccharide (COS)
3.3 Chitooligosaccharide (COS) Synthesis
3.4 Physicochemical Properties of Chitooligosaccharide
4 Biological Activities of Chitooligosaccharides
4.1 Antimicrobial Activity
4.2 Antioxidant Property
5 Use of Chitooligosaccharide in Immunomodulation
5.1 Effect of Chitooligosaccharides on Spleen and Thymus Indices
5.2 Effect of Chitooligosaccharide (COS) on Macrophages
5.3 Tumor Suppression
6 Conclusion
References
Anticancer Effects of Chitooligosaccharides
1 Introduction
2 Cancer
3 Chitooligosaccharides and Their Derivatives
4 Synthesis of Various COS Derivatives
4.1 Amino Derived COS
4.2 Carboxylate COS
4.3 Phenolic Acid Conjugated COS
4.4 Gallyl COS
4.5 Sulfated COS
5 Anticancer Activity of COS
6 Conclusion
References
Disease Preventing Bioactivities of Chitooligosaccharides: Current Status and Future Trends
1 Introduction
2 Bioactivities of Chitosan Oligosaccharides
2.1 Anti-microbial
2.2 Anti-diabetic Activity
2.3 Anti-oxidant or Radical Scavenging Activity
2.4 Bifidogenic Activities
2.5 Anti-tumour/Anti-cancer
2.6 Cholesterol-Lowering Properties
2.7 Other Bioactivities
3 COS Derivatives or Conjugates for Disease Prevention: Latest Research
4 COS as Functional Food or Nutraceuticals
5 Overview and Conclusion
References
Chitosan Oligosaccharide-Based Nanoparticle Delivery Systems for Medical Applications
1 Introduction
2 CSO-Based Drug Delivery Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
2.1 pH-Responsive CSO-Based Nanoparticles
2.2 Redox-Responsive CSO-Based Nanoparticles
2.3 Sustained Drug Release of CSO-Based Nanoparticles
2.4 Enhancement of Tumor Targeting and Uptake
3 CSO-Based Nanoparticles for Oral Drug Delivery
4 COS-Based Complexes for Gene Delivery
4.1 DNA Delivery
4.2 siRNA Delivery
5 Conclusions
References
Biocomposites-Based on Chitooligosaccharides for Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction
2 COS-Based Biocomposites in Antimicrobial Applications
3 COS-Based Biocomposites in Antitumor Applications
4 Tissue Engineering
4.1 COS-Based Biocomposites in Cardiac Tissue Engineering
4.2 COS-Based Biocomposites for Coronary Heart Diseases
4.3 COS-Based Biocomposites in Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Application
5 COS-Based Biocomposites in Drug Delivery Applications
6 COS-Based Biocomposites in Gene Delivery
7 Conclusion
References
Chitooligosaccharides as Wound Healing Agent
1 Introduction
2 COS Production
3 Wound Healing Properties of COS
3.1 Antimicrobial
3.2 Antioxidant
3.3 Anti-inflammatory
3.4 Immunostimulatory
4 Application of COS-Based Biomaterials in Wound Healing
5 Conclusion
References
Chitooligosaccharides: Preparation and Applications in Food and Nutraceuticals
1 Introduction
2 Preparation and Characterization of Chitooligosaccharide (COS)
2.1 Chemical Methods
2.2 Physical Methods
2.3 Enzymatic Method
3 Bioactivities and Applications of COS in Foods
3.1 Antioxidative Activity
3.2 Antimicrobial Activity
4 Applications of COS in Foods
5 Chitooligosaccharides as a Nutraceutical
5.1 Anti-obesity Activity
5.2 Anti-diabetic Activity
5.3 Other Bioactivities/Nutraceutical Properties
6 Conclusion
References
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Well-Defined Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) Derived from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Chitosan
1 Chitin, Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharides (Chitosan Oligomers or COS or CHOS)
2 Bioconversion of Chitosan into COS
2.1 Chitosanase and Its Role in COS Production
2.2 COS Production by Enzymatic Hydrolysis
3 Biologic Activities of COS and Its Anti-inflammatory Effect
4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Insect Enzymes in Chitin Turnover and Deacetylation
1 Introduction
2 Chitinases
2.1 Catalytic Mechanism of Insect Chitinases
2.2 Modes of Action of Insect Chitinases
2.3 Modular Organization and Groups of Insect Chitinases
3 GH20 β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases
3.1 Catalytic Mechanism of GH20 β -N-Acetylhexosaminidases
3.2 The Groups of GH20 β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases
3.3 The Cocktail for Insect Chitin Hydrolysis System
4 Insect Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases
4.1 Structure and Catalytic Mechanism of Insect LPMO
4.2 Groups of Insect LPMOs and Their Activities
5 Insect Chitin Deacetylases
5.1 Crystal Structure of Insect Chitin Deacetylases
5.2 Catalytic Mechanism of Insect Chitin Deacetylases
5.3 Subfamilies of Insect Chitin Deacetylases
6 Conclusions
References
Single Chitooligosaccharides and Their Roles in Various Bioactivities
1 Introduction
2 Access to Single Chitooligosaccharides
2.1 Chemical Synthesis
2.2 Chromatographic Separation
3 The Roles of Single Chitooligosaccharides in Bioactivities
3.1 Antioxidative Activity
3.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity
3.3 Antitumor Activity
3.4 Biostimulant
3.5 Eliciting Activity
4 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Isolation of Chitinolytic Enzymes and Development of Chitooligosaccharides in Indonesia
1 Introduction
2 Chitinolytic Enzymes
2.1 Distribution of Chitinolytic Enzymes
2.2 Production and Isolation of Chitinolytic Enzymes
3 Chitooligosaccharides
3.1 Production of Chitooligosaccharides (COS) by Enzymatic Method
3.2 Development of Chitooligosaccharides in Indonesia
4 Conclusion
References
Antimicrobial Activity of Chitooligosaccharides
1 Introduction
2 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitooligosaccharides
3 Future Prospects
4 Conclusion
References
Chitooligosaccharides for Drug Delivery
1 Introduction
2 Therapeutic Response of COS
3 Impact of COS Properties on Drug Delivery
3.1 Drug Absorption Enhancement
3.2 Drug Loading and Release
3.3 Biodegradability and Bioaccumulation
3.4 Targeting Precision
3.5 Responsiveness to External Stimuli
4 Applications of COS-Based DDS
4.1 Gene Delivery
4.2 Tumor-Targeting Drug Delivery
4.3 Wound Healing Drugs
4.4 Other Drugs
5 Challenges and Future Prospects
References
Influence of Isolation Conditions on the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Chitosan and Chitosan Oligosaccharides from Marine Crustacean Shell Wastes
1 Introduction
2 Raw Materials for COS Preparation
3 Conversion of Chitin and Chitosan into Oligosaccharides
3.1 Chemical Methods
3.2 Physical Methods
3.3 Enzymatic Methods
4 Influence of Isolation Conditions on the Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan and COS
4.1 Molecular Weight (MW)
4.2 Viscosity
4.3 Degree of Deacetylation (DD)
5 Biological Activities of Chitosan and COS
6 Influence of Isolation Conditions on the Properties of COSs
7 Influence of Enzymatic Hydrolysis on COS
8 Conclusion
References
