Chitin is the second most abundant natural polymer in the world after cellulose, mainly derived from the food waste of shrimp and crabs. Chitosan is the most important derivative of chitin. Thanks to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and versatile chemical and physical properties, chitin and chitosan derivatives are used in a wide variety of applications, including water treatment, cosmetics and toiletries, food and beverages, healthcare/medical, and agrochemicals. Chitin and Chitosans in the Bioeconomy covers all major aspects of chitin and chitosan, including structure, biosynthesis, biodegradation, properties of chitin and derivatives, applications, and market. It offers a special focus on the bioeconomy, which is the renewable segment of the circular economy.
- Describes the structure, biosynthesis, and biodegradation of chitin and chitosan
- Covers chitin- and chitosan-based products
- Details valorization of these materials
- Presents information on shell biorefineries
Chitin and Chitosans in the Bioeconomy serves as a reference for polymer scientists and engineers and is also accessible to economists and advanced students.
Author(s): Serge Perez, Jean-Luc Wertz
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 172
City: Boca Raton
Cover Page
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents Page
Foreword 1 Page
Foreword 2 Page
Biographies Page
Acknowledgments Page
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 History and Key Features of Chitin and Chitosans
1.2 Bioeconomy
1.2.1 Definition in the EU
1.2.2 Bioeconomy and European Green Deal
1.2.3 Bioeconomy and Circular Economy
1.2.4 Bioeconomy and Sustainability
1.2.5 Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
1.3 Chitin and Chitosan Market
1.4 Scientific Societies for Chitin and Chitosans in the World
1.5 Biorefineries
1.5.1 General Concept and First Biorefineries
1.5.2 Shell Biorefineries
1.6 Biobased Plastics
1.7 Structure of the Book
Chapter 2 Occurrence of Chitin
2.1 Sources throughout the Biosphere
2.2 Exoskeleton of Arthropods
2.3 Cell Walls of Various Fungi and Algae
2.3.1 Fungal Cell Walls
2.3.2 Algal Cell Walls
Chapter 3 Extraction of Chitin and Preparation of Chitosans
3.1 Extraction of Chitin
3.1.1 Chemical Extraction
3.1.1.1 Chemical Demineralization
3.1.1.2 Chemical Deproteinization
3.1.1.3 Decolorization
3.1.1.4 Recent Developments
3.1.2 Biological Extraction
3.1.2.1 Enzymatic Demineralization and Deproteinization
3.1.2.2 Fermentation
3.1.2.2.1 Lactic Acid Fermentation
3.1.2.2.2 Non-Lactic Acid Fermentation
3.2 Chitosans Preparation
3.2.1 Chemical Deacetylation
3.2.2 Enzymatic Deacetylation
Chapter 4 Structure of Chitin and Chitosans
4.1 Crystallography of Chitin
4.1.1 α-Chitin
4.1.2 β-Chitin
4.2 Crystallography of Chitosans and Their Allomorphs
4.3 Comparison between the Crystal Structures of Chitin/Chitosan and Cellulose
Chapter 5 Biosynthesis of Chitin
5.1 Introduction
5.2 A Common Biosynthetic Pathway
5.2.1 CHS-Encoding Genes in Fungi and Insects
5.2.2 CHS Structure and Mode of Action
5.2.3 General Organization of CHS Domains
5.2.4 Catalytic Mechanism of CHS
5.2.5 Transcriptional Regulation of Genes Involved in Chitin Synthesis
5.2.6 Signaling Pathways Ensuring Cell Wall and Cuticle Integrity
5.3 Chitosomes and Assembly into Microfibrils
Chapter 6 Biodegradation of Chitin and Chitosans
6.1 Enzymes in Chitin and Chitosans Degradation
6.1.1 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases
6.1.2 Chitinases
6.1.3 Chitosanases
6.1.4 β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases
6.1.5 Carbohydrate Esterases
6.1.6 Exo-β-Glucosaminidases (GlcNase)
6.2 Chitin Degradation in Insects and Fungi
6.2.1 Insects
6.2.2 Fungi
Chapter 7 Properties of Chitin, Chitosans, and Their Derivatives
7.1 Derivatives of Chitosans and Chitin
7.1.1 Chitosans Derivatives
7.1.1.1 O- and N-Carboxymethyl Chitosans
7.1.1.1.1 Reductive Alkylation
7.1.1.1.2 Direct Alkylation
7.1.1.2 Click Chemistry
7.1.1.3 Graft Copolymerization
7.1.1.4 Chitosan-Grafted Cyclodextrin Derivatives
7.1.1.5 Chitosans Modifications Using Ionic Liquids
7.1.1.6 Complex Formation of Chitosans
7.1.2 Chitin Derivatives
7.1.2.1 Chitin Nanocrystals
7.1.2.2 Derivatives by Grafting onto Chitin
7.1.2.3 Carboxymethyl Chitin
7.1.2.4 Other Chitin Derivatives
7.1.2.5 Depolymerization
7.2 Solubility and Analysis of Chitin and Chitosans
7.2.1 Solubility of Chitin
7.2.2 Solubility of Chitosans
7.2.2.1 Effect of Solution pH
7.2.2.2 Effect of Molecular Weight
7.2.2.3 Effect of Ionic Strength and Temperature
7.2.3 Analysis of Chitosans
7.2.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
7.2.3.2 Fingerprinting Methods
7.2.3.3 NMR
7.3 MW and Rheology of Chitin and Chitosans
7.3.1 Rheology
7.3.2 Flow Measurements
7.4 Chitin’s and Chitosans’ Biological Properties
7.4.1 Antimicrobial Activity
7.4.2 Antioxidant Activity
7.4.3 Mucoadhesive Properties
7.4.4 Penetration Enhancement Properties
7.4.5 Mechanism of Chitin-Induced Activation of Plant Innate Immunity
7.4.6 Elicitation and Improvement of Crop Yields
Chapter 8 Chitin and Chitosans Market and Applications in the Bioeconomy
8.1 Chitin and Chitosans Market
8.1.1 Global Chitin and Chitosans Market
8.1.2 Global Chitin Market
8.1.3 Global Chitosans Market and Analysis by Region, Source, and Applications
8.2 Applications
8.2.1 Food Applications
8.2.1.1 Antioxidant Applications
8.2.1.2 Food Preservatives
8.2.1.3 Antimicrobial Packaging
8.2.2 Dietary Fiber
8.2.3 Pharmaceuticals
8.2.4 Biomedical Products
8.2.4.1 Processing and Main Applications
8.2.4.2 Tissue Engineering
8.2.4.3 Wound Healing
8.2.4.4 Contact Lenses
8.2.4.5 Materials Based on Ionic Liquids
8.2.4.6 Nonviral Gene Therapy
8.2.4.7 Intranasal Vaccine Delivery
8.2.4.8 Chitosans in Viral Surface Adsorption
8.2.5 Cosmetics and Dermatological Applications
8.2.6 Textiles
8.2.7 Agriculture
8.2.8 Paper
8.2.9 Enzyme Immobilization
8.3 Conclusion
Chapter 9 Perspectives of Chitin and Chitosans in the Bioeconomy
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sustainability of Chitin and Chitosans
9.3 Shell Biorefineries
9.3.1 Fractionation of Crustacean Shell Biomass
9.3.2 Chitin and Chitosans Conversion into Chemicals
9.4 Chitin and Chitosans from Fungi and Insects
9.5 Thermoplastic Chitin and Chitosans
9.6 Chitosans Blends
9.7 Conclusion
Glossary
Index
