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Chitin and Chitosan: Science and Engineering

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This book reviews work that covers everything from basic chemistry to advanced applications. Chitin and chitosan are used in a plethora of applications from wastewater treatment to prosthetics. 

After introducing the subject of polysaccharides as a whole, the authors turn to the preparation of chitin and chitosan and the characterization of the latter. The book provides information on chitin chemistry, extraction of chitin, chitosan preparation processes, and the applications of their derivatives in various fields. Among the applications that are included in detail are the adsorption of heavy metals for pollution prevention and clean-up, biosensors, cosmetics, various medical applications from anti-tumor activity to bone tissue engineering, agriculture and food production, and proton exchange membranes for fuel cells.

Chitin and Chitosan features:

•  information on molecular structure, synthesis, properties, and latest research related to chitin and chitosan;

•  coverage of a wide range of topics from the properties of chitosan to its derivatives and applications;

•  in-depth information on biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan; and

•  information that can be applied to other biopolymer processing engineering areas.

This book will be of interest to practitioners working in a wide variety of industries for which chitin and chitosan are useful materials, researchers in biosensors and heavy-metal adsorption, and to academic researchers investigating the properties, preparation, and uses of these materials.

Author(s): Shameem Hasan, Veera M. Boddu, Dabir S. Viswanath, Tushar K. Ghosh
Series: Engineering Materials and Processes
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 428
City: Cham

Preface
Contents
1 Polysaccharides: Chitin and Chitosan
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Polysaccharides in General
1.1.2 Storage Polysaccharides
1.1.3 Structural Polysaccharides
1.1.4 Polysaccharides from Marine Source
1.1.5 Mucosubstances
1.1.6 Polysaccharides as a Human Nutrition Source
1.1.7 Chitosan Market
1.1.8 Summary
References
2 Preparation of Chitin and Chitosan
2.1 Chitin and Chitosan
2.2 Chitosan Preparation Methods
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Extraction of Chitin
2.3 Preparation of Chitosan
2.4 Chitin and Chitosan Properties
2.5 Summary
References
3 Chitosan Characterization
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Molecular Weight
3.1.2 Degree of Deacetylation (DD) and Dissociation Constant of Chitosan
3.1.3 Swelling Behavior and Solubility
3.1.4 Percentage of Moisture (Loss on Drying)
3.1.5 Percentage of Ash
3.2 Morphology of the Chitosan Using SEM, EDS X-Ray Analysis, and TEM
3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
3.2.2 Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopic (EDS) X-Ray Microanalysis
3.2.3 Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM)
3.2.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Chitosan
3.2.5 Determination of Surface Area and Surface Charge of Chitosan
3.2.6 Moisture Sorption onto Chitosan
3.2.7 Mechanical Properties of Chitin and Chitosan
3.2.8 Diffuse Reflective UV-Vis (DRUV) Spectroscopy
3.2.9 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis
3.2.10 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy
3.3 Summary
References
4 The Structural Difference Between Chitin and Chitosan
4.1 Molecular Structure of Chitin
4.2 Chitin and Chitosan: Structural Differences from Spectroscopic Analysis
4.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Pattern of Chitin and Chitosan
4.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
4.2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
4.2.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
4.2.5 Raman Spectroscopy
4.3 Summary
References
5 Preparation and Application of Chitosan Derivatives
5.1 Physicochemical Crosslinking of Chitosan
5.2 Radiation-Induced Crosslinking
5.3 Water-Soluble Chitosan Derivatives
5.4 Overall Synthesis Process for Water-Soluble Chitosan Derivatives
5.4.1 Alkylation of Chitosan
5.4.2 Sulfated Chitosan
5.4.3 Phosphorylation of Chitosan
5.4.4 Quarternized Chitosan
5.5 Preparation of Chitosan-Based Hydrogel
5.5.1 Introduction and Background
5.5.2 Preparation of Chitosan Hydrogel
5.5.3 Chitosan-Based “Smart” Hydrogels
5.6 Chitosan Nanoparticles
5.7 Chitosan Nanofibers
5.8 Chitosan Coated on to Inorganic Materials for the Preparation of Adsorbent Bead
5.9 Summary
References
6 Adsorption—Heavy Metals Removal
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Adsorption Methods
6.2.1 Experimental Procedure for Equilibrium Uptake of Metal Ions on Adsorbent from Aqueous Solution
6.2.2 Adsorption Controlling Parameters
6.2.3 Effect of Contact Time and Sorbate Concentration in Solution on Adsorption Process
6.2.4 Equilibrium Considerations
6.2.5 Single Component Monolayer Models
6.2.6 Single Component Multilayer Models
6.3 Error Analysis for Isotherm Studies
6.4 Thermodynamic Parameters
6.4.1 Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics and Equilibrium Adsorption Isotherm
6.4.2 Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model
6.4.3 The Elovich Equation
6.4.4 Intraparticle Diffusion
6.5 Thermodynamic Parameters
6.5.1 Polanyi’s Potential Theory
6.5.2 Activation Energy
6.6 Dynamic Adsorption
6.6.1 Fundamentals of Dynamic Adsorption
6.6.2 LUB Equilibrium Method
6.7 Sorption Mechanisms
6.8 Case Study I
6.8.1 Sorption Mechanism of Arsenic on to Chitosan–Iron Bead
6.8.2 Summary
6.9 Case Study 2
6.9.1 Sorption Mechanism of Uranium on to Chitosan-Coated Perlite (CP) Beads
6.9.2 Results and Discussion
6.9.3 Summary
References
7 Chitosan-Based Sensors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fabrication of Chitosan Membranes and Films
7.3 Chitosan-Based Sensors
7.3.1 Glucose Biosensor
7.3.2 Chitosan-Based Sensor by Layer-by-Layer (LBL) Method
7.3.3 Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Sensor
7.4 Summary
References
8 Application of Chitosan in the Medical and Biomedical Field
8.1 Skin Wound
8.2 Application of Biopolymer in Wound Healing
8.3 Application of Chitosan in Medical and Biomedical Fields
8.3.1 Wound Dressing and Healing
8.3.2 Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
8.3.3 Antimicrobial Application of Chitosan
8.3.4 Anticancer and Antitumor Activity of Chitosan and Its Derivatives
8.4 Chitosan-Based Medical Isotope Separation
8.4.1 Separation of 99mTc from 99Mo Using Chitosan-Based Adsorbent
8.5 Summary
References
9 Application of Chitosan in Textiles
9.1 Chitosan Use in Textiles
9.2 Summary
References
10 Chitosan for the Agricultural Sector and Food Industry
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Application of Chitosan in Agriculture and Agro-based Industry
10.3 Summary
References
11 Applications of Chitosan in Fuel Cells
11.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
11.2 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell
11.2.1 Membrane
11.2.2 Membrane/Electrode Assembly
11.2.3 Efficiency, Power, and Energy of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
11.2.4 The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Stack
11.2.5 Water Management in a Fuel Cell
11.3 Fuel
11.4 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
11.5 Application of Chitosan in Fuel Cells
11.6 Summary
References
12 Chitosan Uses in Cosmetics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Target Organs for Cosmetics Products
12.2.1 Skin
12.2.2 Hair
12.2.3 Teeth
12.3 Chitin and Chitosan and Their Derivatives in the Cosmetics
12.3.1 Synthesis of Chitosan Derivatives
12.3.2 Skincare Cosmetics
12.3.3 Hair Care Cosmetics
12.3.4 Teeth
12.4 Summary
References
Index