Chinese Women in Leadership

Preface
References
About This Book
Praise for Chinese Women in Leadership
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Overview: Why Are We Focusing on Developing Women Leaders in China?
Why Are We Focusing on Developing Women Leaders in China?
Defining Leadership and Women’s Leadership
Defining Context
Defining Success in Developing Women’s Leadership
Who We Are
Judy Yi Sun
Jie Ke
Conceptual Framework and Chapter Outline
Our Approach of Study
Summary
References
2 Family Role and Social Status
Traditional Cultural Constraints and Women’s Social Status
The Influence of Feminism on Communism
Marriage Work and Identities
Family–Work Role Conflicts
Identity Conflicts
“Glass Ceiling”
Different Generations of Chinese Women
Contemporary Culture Fusion and Younger Generations
Neo-Familism
Summary and Discussions
References
3 Cultural Constraints and Opportunities
Cultural Constraints for Chinese Women’s Leadership Development
The Challenges in Chinese Women’s Real Lives
Chinese Traditional Cultural Constraints
Modern Cultural Constraints from Globalization
Cultural Opportunities for Chinese Women’s Leadership Development
Cultural Constraints and Wen Hua (文化)
Implications
References
4 Policies and Legislation
Legal and Policy Foundations for Women’s Rights Protection
The Constitution
The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests
The National Program for Women’s Development
The Marriage Law (1950)
The Law on Population and Family Planning (2001)
Legislation for Protecting Women’s Reproductive Rights
Legislation for Protecting Women’s Equal Employment Rights
Legislation for Protecting Women’s Rights in the Family
Institutional Support for Women’s Development
National Working Committee on Children and Women (NWCCW)
The All-China Women’s Federation (ACWF)
China Women’s University (CWU)
Research Organizations
Developing Chinese Women: Progresses Made
Women’s Political Participation
More Participation in Civil Service
More Participation in Legal Governance
More Participation in Business Management
More Participation in Grassroots Administration
More Participation in Foreign Affairs
Women’s Economic Participation
High Labor Force Participation
Expanded Job Options
More Protection for Women’s Right at Work
Poverty Reduced for Women
Women’s Participation in Education
Women’s All-Round Development: Challenges Remaining
Social–Cultural Norms Against Women
High Sex Rate Imbalance at Birth
Legal Obstacles
Political Obstacles
Unintended Consequences
Employment is Gender Discriminatory
Working Mothers are Disadvantaged
Gendered Pay Gap is Widening
Women’s Leadership Status is Still Low
Women’s Economic Participation is Declining
Women’s Development is Unbalanced by Region
Going Forward: A Recommended Plan of Action
Evaluate and Revise Existing Legislation
Enact a Comprehensive Anti-Discrimination Law
Launch an Anti-Gender Discrimination Movement
Strengthen Laws and Judicial Enforcement
Support Women for Work–Family Balance
Closing Gender Gaps Through the Accelerator Model
Conclusion
References
5 Educational Opportunities
History of Educating Women Leaders in China
Historical China: Pre-1911
Republic of China: 1911–1949
CCP Control Before the Cultural Revolution: 1950–1966
During the Cultural Revolution Period: 1967–1976
Post-Cultural Revolution Period: 1976–Present
Present Laws and Policies Relevant to Women’s Education in China
Universalization of Nine-Year Compulsory Education
Rural–Urban Migration and Hukou Law
Enaction and Modification of the One-Child Policy
Leadership Development: Opportunities for Women in China’s Current Education
K-12 Education
Vocational Education and Training (VET)
Regular Higher Education
Workplace Learning, Professional Development, and Adult Education
Educating Leaders Within the CCP
Outcomes, Trends, and Future Opportunities for Developing Women for Leadership
Milestones and Achievements
General Trends in Educating Women Leaders in China
Role of Government in Further Empowering Women Leaders
Implications for Research, Theory, and Practice
Research
Theory
Practice
Conclusion
References
6 Women Leaders in the Education Sector
Women Leaders in the Education Sector
Context Matters
Education Reform and Women’s Development in Modern China
Women’s Leadership Development in Education
Education System in China
Absence of Women Principals in K-12
Absence of Women Leaders in Higher Education
Educational Leadership Studies
Gender Differences in China’s Educational Leadership Development
Challenges and Difficulties of Women’s Leadership Development in China
Case Examples
Principal Zhang Guimei and the Free Girls’ High School
Outstanding Women Leaders in Higher Education
Discussion
Recommendations for Future Research
Practical Implications
Conclusion
References
7 Women Entrepreneurs in the Business Sector
Development of Private Business in China
Women Entrepreneurs in China
One-Child Policy
Female Students Enrolled
Support from the Family
Women Successors of Family Businesses
Conclusions
References
8 Women’s Participation in the Government Sector
Women’s Participation in the Government Sector
A Brief History of Chinese Women’s Participation in Politics
The Imperial Dynasties (Prior to 1912 CE)
The Period of Republic of China (1912–1949 CE)
The Period of People’s Republic of China (1949 CE—Present)
Current Status of Women Leaders in Government Sectors
The Challenges Faced by Chinese Women Leaders
Factors Influencing Women’s Participation in Government Sectors
The Changes in Perceptions of Women
Legislative Efforts
Economic Advancement and Globalization
Family Obligations and Work-life Balance
Future of Women’s Participation in Governance
Recommendations for Future Research
Conclusion
References
9 Women Leaders in the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Sector
The Purpose of the Chapter
A Brief Overview of Chinese NGOs
Gender Issues in NGOs
Women Leadership and NGOs Development
Women Leaders’ Experience in NGOs
Gender Impact
Gender Discrimination
Work Context
Support and Strategies for Leadership Development
Role Model
Mentorship
Self-Efficacy
Leadership Development Training and Programs
Self-Directed Learning
Women Leaders’ Efforts on Gender Equity and Equality
Recommendations
For Practice
For Policymakers
For Future Research
Conclusion
References
10 China in an Asian Context
China in an Asian Context
Historical and Cultural Influences on Women’s Leadership in Asia
Overview of Asia
Regional and National Cultures
GLOBE Project and Leadership Style
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Confucianism, Communist Ideology, and Other Cultural Values
Current State of Women Leadership in China and Other Asian Countries
Strategies for Women’s Leadership Empowerment
Conclusion
References
11 China in a Non-Asian Context
Economic Factor
Social Factor
Cultural Factor
Political Factor
Context Matters
Brief Overview of Chinese Context
Economic
Social
Cultural
Political
Leadership Development Context in Non-Asian Countries
North America: United States and Its Contexts
Economic
Social
Cultural
Political
South America: Brazil and Its Contexts
Economic
Social
Cultural
Political
Europe: Sweden and Its Contexts
Economic
Social
Cultural
Political
Oceania: Australia and Its Contexts
Economic
Social
Cultural
Political
Country Comparisons of Contextual Impact on Women’s Leadership Development
Economic Participation Opportunity Subindex–Economic
Educational Attainment Subindex–Cultural
Health and Survival Subindex–Social
Political Empowerment Subindex–Political
Conclusion
Contextual Catalysts and Impediments for Women’s Success in China and Non-Asian Countries
Contextual Catalysts
Contextual Impediments
Implications for Practice and Research
Implications for Practice
Implications for Research
References
12 Butterflies Emerging: Women’s Leadership in China
Butterflies Emerging: Women’s Leadership in China
Family Structures
Education
Technology
Politics, Policies, and Legislation
NGOs/NPOs
Regional Impact
Globalization
Corporate World, Including Entrepreneurship
Agriculture
Conclusion
References
Index