Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry

Cover
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Features
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Matter, Measurements, and Calculations
1.1 What Is Matter?
1.2 Properties and Changes
1.3 A Model of Matter
1.4 Classifying Matter
1.5 Measurement Units
1.6 The Metric System
1.7 Large and Small Numbers
1.8 Significant Figures
1.9 Using Units in Calculations
1.10 Calculating Percentages
1.11 Density
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules
2.1 Symbols and Formulas
2.2 Inside the Atom
2.3 Isotopes
2.4 Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules
2.5 Isotopes and Atomic Weights
2.6 Avogadro's Number: The Mole
2.7 The Mole and Chemical Formulas
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 3: Electronic Structure and the Periodic Law
3.1 The Periodic Law and Table
3.2 Electronic Arrangements in Atoms
3.3 The Shell Model and Chemical Properties
3.4 Electronic Configurations
3.5 Another Look at the Periodic Table
3.6 Property Trends within the Periodic Table
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 4: Forces between Particles
4.1 Noble Gas Configurations
4.2 Ionic Bonding
4.3 Ionic Compounds
4.4 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
4.5 The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds
4.6 Covalent Bonding
4.7 Polyatomic Ions
4.8 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
4.9 The Polarity of Covalent Molecules
4.10 More about Naming Compounds
4.11 Other Interparticle Forces
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 5: Chemical Reactions
5.1 Chemical Equations
5.2 Types of Reactions
5.3 Redox Reactions
5.4 Decomposition Reactions
5.5 Combination Reactions
5.6 Replacement Reactions
5.7 Ionic Equations
5.8 Energy and Reactions
5.9 The Mole and Chemical Equations
5.10 The Limiting Reactant
5.11 Reaction Yields
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 6: The States of Matter
6.1 Observed Properties of Matter
6.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
6.3 The Solid State
6.4 The Liquid State
6.5 The Gaseous State
6.6 The Gas Laws
6.7 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume Relationships
6.8 The Ideal Gas Law
6.9 Dalton's Law
6.10 Graham's Law
6.11 Changes in State
6.12 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure
6.13 Boiling and the Boiling Point
6.14 Sublimation and Melting
6.15 Energy and the States of Matter
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 7: Solutions and Colloids
7.1 Physical States of Solutions
7.2 Solubility
7.3 The Solution Process
7.4 Solution Concentrations
7.5 Solution Preparation
7.6 Solution Stoichiometry
7.7 Solution Properties
7.8 Colloids
7.9 Dialysis
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 8: Reaction Rates and Equilibrium
8.1 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes
8.2 Reaction Rates
8.3 Molecular Collisions
8.4 Energy Diagrams
8.5 Factors That Influence Reaction Rates
8.6 Chemical Equilibrium
8.7 The Position of Equilibrium
8.8 Factors That Influence Equilibrium Position
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 9: Acids, Bases, and Salts
9.1 The Arrhenius Theory
9.2 The Bronsted Theory
9.3 Naming Acids
9.4 The Self-Ionization of Water
9.5 The pH Concept
9.6 Properties of Acids
9.7 Properties of Bases
9.8 Salts
9.9 The Strengths of Acids and Bases
9.10 Analyzing Acids and Bases
9.11 Titration Calculations
9.12 Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts
9.13 Buffers
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 10: Radioactivity and Nuclear Processes
10.1 Radioactive Nuclei
10.2 Equations for Nuclear Reactions
10.3 Isotope Half-Life
10.4 The Health Effects of Radiation
10.5 Measurement Units for Radiation
10.6 Medical Uses of Radioisotopes
10.7 Nonmedical Uses of Radioisotopes
10.8 Induced Nuclear Reactions
10.9 Nuclear Energy
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 11: Organic Compounds: Alkanes
11.1 Carbon: The Element of Organic Compounds
11.2 Organic and Inorganic Compounds Compared
11.3 Bonding Characteristics and Isomerism
11.4 Functional Groups: The Organization of Organic Chemistry
11.5 Alkane Structures
11.6 Conformations of Alkanes
11.7 Alkane Nomenclature
11.8 Cycloalkanes
11.9 The Shape of Cycloalkanes
11.10 Physical Properties of Alkanes
11.11 Alkane Reactions
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
12.1 The Nomenclature of Alkenes
12.2 The Geometry of Alkenes
12.3 Properties of Alkenes
12.4 Addition Polymers
12.5 Alkynes
12.6 Aromatic Compounds and the Benzene Structure
12.7 The Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
12.8 Properties and Uses of Aromatic Compounds
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 13: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
13.1 The Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
13.2 Classification of Alcohols
13.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols
13.4 Reactions of Alcohols
13.5 Important Alcohols
13.6 Characteristics and Uses of Phenols
13.7 Ethers
13.8 Properties of Ethers
13.9 Thiols
13.10 Polyfunctional Compounds
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 14: Aldehydes and Ketones
14.1 The Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
14.2 Physical Properties
14.3 Chemical Properties
14.4 Important Aldehydes and Ketones
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 15: Carboxylic Acids and Esters
15.1 The Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
15.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
15.3 The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
15.4 Salts of Carboxylic Acids
15.5 Carboxylic Esters
15.6 The Nomenclature of Esters
15.7 Reactions of Esters
15.8 Esters of Inorganic Acids
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 16: Amines and Amides
16.1 Classification of Amines
16.2 The Nomenclature of Amines
16.3 Physical Properties of Amines
16.4 Chemical Properties of Amines
16.5 Amines as Neurotransmitters
16.6 Other Biologically Important Amines
16.7 The Nomenclature of Amides
16.8 Physical Properties of Amides
16.9 Chemical Properties of Amides
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 17: Carbohydrates
17.1 Classes of Carbohydrates
17.2 The Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates
17.3 Fischer Projections
17.4 Monosaccharides
17.5 Properties of Monosaccharides
17.6 Important Monosaccharides
17.7 Disaccharides
17.8 Polysaccharides
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 18: Lipids
18.1 Classification of Lipids
18.2 Fatty Acids
18.3 The Structure of Fats and Oils
18.4 Chemical Properties of Fats and Oils
18.5 Waxes
18.6 Phosphoglycerides
18.7 Sphingolipids
18.8 Biological Membranes
18.9 Steroids
18.10 Steroid Hormones
18.11 Prostaglandins
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 19: Proteins
19.1 The Amino Acids
19.2 Zwitterions
19.3 Reactions of Amino Acids
19.4 Important Peptides
19.5 Characteristics of Proteins
19.6 The Primary Structure of Proteins
19.7 The Secondary Structure of Proteins
19.8 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins
19.9 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins
19.10 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 20: Enzymes
20.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes
20.2 Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification
20.3 Enzyme Cofactors
20.4 The Mechanism of Enzyme Action
20.5 Enzyme Activity
20.6 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
20.7 Enzyme Inhibition
20.8 The Regulation of Enzyme Activity
20.9 Medical Application of Enzymes
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 21: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids
21.2 The Structure of DNA
21.3 DNA Replication
21.4 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
21.5 The Flow of Genetic Information
21.6 Transcription: RNA Synthesis
21.7 The Genetic Code
21.8 Translation and Protein Synthesis
21.9 Mutations
21.10 Recombinant DNA
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 22: Nutrition and Energy for Life
22.1 Nutritional Requirements
22.2 The Macronutrients
22.3 Micronutrients I: Vitamins
22.4 Micronutrients II: Minerals
22.5 The Flow of Energy in the Biosphere
22.6 Metabolism and an Overview of Energy Production
22.7 ATP: The Primary Energy Carrier
22.8 Important Coenzymes in the Common Catabolic Pathway
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 23: Carbohydrate Metabolism
23.1 The Digestion of Carbohydrates
23.2 Blood Glucose
23.3 Glycolysis
23.4 The Fates of Pyruvate
23.5 The Citric Acid Cycle
23.6 The Electron Transport Chain
23.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation
23.8 The Complete Oxidation of Glucose
23.9 Glycogen Metabolism
23.10 Gluconeogenesis
23.11 The Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 24: Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism
24.1 Blood Lipids
24.2 Fat Mobilization
24.3 Glycerol Metabolism
24.4 The Oxidation of Fatty Acids
24.5 The Energy from Fatty Acids
24.6 Ketone Bodies
24.7 Fatty Acid Synthesis
24.8 Amino Acid Metabolism
24.9 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Nitrogen Atoms
24.10 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Carbon Skeleton
24.11 Amino Acid Biosynthesis
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Chapter 25: Body Fluids
25.1 A Comparison of Body Fluids
25.2 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
25.3 Chemical Transport to the Cells
25.4 The Constituents of Urine
25.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
25.6 Acid-Base Balance
25.7 Buffer Control of Blood pH
25.8 Respiratory Control of Blood pH
25.9 Urinary Control of Blood pH
25.10 Acidosis and Alkalosis
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry for Thought
Appendix A: The International System of Measurements
Appendix B: Answers to Even-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises
Appendix C: Solutions to Learning Checks
Glossary
Index