Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity

Cover
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Cover
About the Authors
Dedication
Part 1: The Basic Tools of Chemistry
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry
1.1 Chemistry and Its Methods
1.2 Sustainability and Green Chemistry
1.3 Classifying Matter
1.4 Elements
1.5 Compounds
1.6 Physical Properties
1.7 Physical and Chemical Changes
1.8 Energy: Some Basic Principles
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equation
Study Questions
Let's Review: The Tools of Quantitative Chemistry
1 Units of Measurement
2 Making Measurements: Precision, Accuracy, Experimental Error, and Standard Deviation
3 Mathematics of Chemistry
4 Problem Solving by Dimensional Analysis
5 Graphs and Graphing
6 Problem Solving and Chemical Arithmetic
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1 Atomic Structure, Atomic Number, and Atomic Mass
2.2 Isotopes and Atomic Weight
2.3 The Periodic Table
2.4 Molecules, Compounds, and Formulas
2.5 Ionic Compounds: Formulas, Names, and Properties
2.6 Atoms, Molecules, and the Mole
2.7 Chemical Analysis: Determining Compound Formulas
2.8 Instrumental Analysis: Determining Compound Formulas
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 3: Chemical Reactions
3.1 Introduction to Chemical Equations
3.2 Balancing Chemical Equations
3.3 Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium
3.4 Aqueous Solutions
3.5 Precipitation Reactions
3.6 Acids and Bases
3.7 Gas-Forming Reactions
3.8 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
3.9 Classifying Reactions in Aqueous Solution
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Study Questions
Chapter 4: Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions
4.1 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry
4.2 Reactions in Which One Reactant Is Present in Limited Supply
4.3 Percent Yield
4.4 Chemical Equations and Chemical Analysis
4.5 Measuring Concentrations of Compounds in Solution
4.6 pH, a Concentration Scale for Acids and Bases
4.7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solution-Fundamentals
4.8 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solution-Titrations
4.9 Spectrophotometry
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 5: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and Chemical Reactions
5.1 Energy: Some Basic Principles
5.2 Specific Heat Capacity: Heating and Cooling
5.3 Energy and Changes of State
5.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
5.5 Enthalpy Changes for Chemical Reactions
5.6 Calorimetry
5.7 Enthalpy Calculations
5.8 Product- or Reactant-Favored Reactions and Thermodynamics
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Part 2: Atoms and Molecules
Chapter 6: The Structure of Atoms
6.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
6.2 Quantization: Planck, Einstein, Energy, and Photons
6.3 Atomic Line Spectra and Niels Bohr
6.4 Particle-Wave Duality: Prelude to Quantum Mechanics
6.5 The Modern View of Electronic Structure: Wave or Quantum Mechanics
6.6 The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
6.7 One More Electron Property: Electron Spin
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 7: The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends
7.1 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
7.2 Atomic Subshell Energies and Electron Assignments
7.3 Electron Configurations of Atoms
7.4 Electron Configurations of Ions
7.5 Atomic Properties and Periodic Trends
7.6 Periodic Trends and Chemical Properties
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Study Questions
Chapter 8: Bonding and Molecular Structure
8.1 Chemical Bond Formation and Lewis Electron Dot Symbols
8.2 Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures
8.3 Atom Formal Charges in Covalent Molecules and Ions
8.4 Resonance
8.5 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
8.6 Molecular Shapes
8.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
8.8 Molecular Polarity
8.9 Bond Properties: Order, Length, and Dissociation Enthalpy
8.10 DNA, Revisited
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 9: Bonding and Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals
9.1 Valence Bond Theory
9.2 Molecular Orbital Theory
9.3 Theories of Chemical Bonding: A Summary
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equation
Study Questions
Part 3: States of Matter
Chapter 10: Gases and Their Properties
10.1 Modeling a State of Matter: Gases and Gas Pressure
10.2 Gas Laws: The Experimental Basis
10.3 The Ideal Gas Law
10.4 Gas Laws and Chemical Reactions
10.5 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
10.6 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
10.7 Diffusion and Effusion
10.8 Nonideal Behavior of Gases
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 11: Intermolecular Forces and Liquids
11.1 States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces
11.2 Interactions between Ions and Molecules with a Permanent Dipole
11.3 Interactions between Molecules with a Permanent Dipole
11.4 Intermolecular Forces Involving Nonpolar Molecules
11.5 A Summary of van der Waals Intermolecular Forces
11.6 Properties of Liquids
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 12: The Solid State
12.1 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
12.2 Structures and Formulas of Ionic Solids
12.3 Bonding in Ionic Compounds: Lattice Energy
12.4 Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors
12.5 Other Types of Solid Materials
12.6 Phase Changes
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Study Questions
Chapter 13: Solutions and Their Behavior
13.1 Units of Concentration
13.2 The Solution Process
13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility: Pressure and Temperature
13.4 Colligative Properties
13.5 Colloids
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Part 4: The Control of Chemical Reactions
Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics: The Rates of Chemical Reactions
14.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions
14.2 Reaction Conditions and Rate
14.3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
14.4 Concentration-Time Relationships: Integrated Rate Laws
14.5 A Microscopic View of Reaction Rates
14.6 Catalysts
14.7 Reaction Mechanisms
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 15: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria
15.1 Chemical Equilibrium: A Review
15.2 The Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Quotient
15.3 Determining an Equilibrium Constant
15.4 Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations
15.5 More about Balanced Equations and Equilibrium Constants
15.6 Disturbing a Chemical Equilibrium
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 16: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry of Acids and Bases
16.1 The Bronsted-Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases
16.2 Water and the pH Scale
16.3 Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases
16.4 Acid-Base Properties of Salts
16.5 Predicting the Direction of Acid–Base Reactions
16.6 Types of Acid-Base Reactions
16.7 Calculations with Equilibrium Constants
16.8 Polyprotic Acids and Bases
16.9 Molecular Structure, Bonding, and Acid-Base Behavior
16.10 The Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 17: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria
17.1 The Common Ion Effect
17.2 Controlling pH: Buffer Solutions
17.3 Acid-Base Titrations
17.4 Solubility of Salts
17.5 Precipitation Reactions
17.6 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 18: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy and Free Energy
18.1 Spontaneity and Dispersal of Energy: Entropy
18.2 Entropy: A Microscopic Understanding
18.3 Entropy Measurement and Values
18.4 Entropy Changes and Spontaneity
18.5 Gibbs Free Energy
18.6 Calculating and Using Standard Free Energies, Deltar G Degrees
18.7 The Interplay of Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Chapter 19: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions
19.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
19.2 Simple Voltaic Cells
19.3 Commercial Voltaic Cells
19.4 Standard Electrochemical Potentials
19.5 Electrochemical Cells under Nonstandard Conditions
19.6 Electrochemistry and Thermodynamics
19.7 Electrolysis: Chemical Change Using Electrical Energy
19.8 Counting Electrons
19.9 Corrosion: Redox Reactions in the Environment
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Key Equations
Study Questions
Part 5: The Chemistry of the Elements
Chapter 20: Environmental Chemistry-Earth's Environment, Energy, and Sustainability
20.1 The Atmosphere
20.2 The Aqua Sphere (Water)
20.3 Energy
20.4 Fossil Fuels
20.5 Alternative Sources of Energy
20.6 Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels
20.7 Green Chemistry and Sustainability
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Study Questions
Chapter 21: The Chemistry of the Main Group Elements
21.1 Abundance of the Elements
21.2 The Periodic Table: A Guide to the Elements
21.3 Hydrogen
21.4 The Alkali Metals, Group 1A
21.5 The Alkaline Earth Elements, Group 2A
21.6 Boron, Aluminum, and the Group 3A Elements
21.7 Silicon and the Group 4A Elements
21.8 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and the Group 5A Elements
21.9 Oxygen, Sulfur, and the Group 6A Elements
21.10 The Halogens, Group 7A
21.11 The Noble Gases, Group 8A
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Study Questions
Chapter 22: The Chemistry of the Transition Elements
22.1 Overview of the Transition Elements
22.2 Periodic Properties of the Transition Elements
22.3 Metallurgy
22.4 Coordination Compounds
22.5 Structures of Coordination Compounds
22.6 Bonding in Coordination Compounds
22.7 Colors of Coordination Compounds
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Study Questions
Chapter 23: Carbon: Not Just Another Element
23.1 Why Carbon?
23.2 Hydrocarbons
23.3 Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines
23.4 Compounds with a Carbonyl Group
23.5 Polymers
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Study Questions
Chapter 24: Biochemistry
24.1 Proteins
24.2 Carbohydrates
24.3 Nucleic Acids
24.4 Lipids and Cell Membranes
24.5 Metabolism
Applying Chemical Principles
Chapter Goals Revisited
Study Questions
Chapter 25: Nuclear Chemistry
25.1 Natural Radioactivity
25.2 Nuclear Reactions and Radioactive Decay
25.3 Stability of Atomic Nuclei
25.4 Rates of Nuclear Decay
25.5 Artificial Nuclear Reactions
25.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
25.7 Radiation Health and Safety
25.8 Applications of Nuclear Chemistry
List of Appendices
Appendix A: Using Logarithms and Solving Quadratic Equations
Appendix B: Some Important Physical Concepts
Appendix C: Abbreviations and Useful Conversion Factors
Appendix D: Physical Constants
Appendix E: A Brief Guide to Naming Organic Compounds
Appendix F: Values for the Ionization Energies and Electron Attachment Enthalpies of the Elements
Appendix G: Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures
Appendix H: Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Acids at 25 Degrees Celsius
Appendix I: Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Bases at 25 Degrees Celsius
Appendix J: Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic Compounds at 25 Degrees Celsius
Appendix K: Formation Constants for Some Complex Ions in Aqueous Solution at 25 Degrees Celsius
Appendix L: Selected Thermodynamic Values
Appendix M: Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25 Degrees Celsius
Appendix N: Answers to Study Questions, Check Your Understanding, and Applying Chemical Principles Questions
Index and Glossary