Chemistry

Cover
Chemistry 2e
Preface
1. About OpenStax
2. About OpenStax resources
3. About Chemistry 2e
4. Additional resources
5. About the authors
Chapter 1. Essential Ideas
1.1. Chemistry in Context
1.2. Phases and Classification of Matter
1.3. Physical and Chemical Properties
1.4. Measurements
1.5. Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
1.6. Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Glossary
Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1. Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
2.2. Evolution of Atomic Theory
2.3. Atomic Structure and Symbolism
2.4. Chemical Formulas
2.5. The Periodic Table
2.6. Molecular and Ionic Compounds
2.7. Chemical Nomenclature
Glossary
Chapter 3. Composition of Substances and Solutions
3.1. Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
3.2. Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
3.3. Molarity
3.4. Other Units for Solution Concentrations
Glossary
Chapter 4. Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
4.1. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
4.2. Classifying Chemical Reactions
4.3. Reaction Stoichiometry
4.4. Reaction Yields
4.5. Quantitative Chemical Analysis
Glossary
Chapter 5. Thermochemistry
5.1. Energy Basics
5.2. Calorimetry
5.3. Enthalpy
Glossary
Chapter 6. Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements
6.1. Electromagnetic Energy
6.2. The Bohr Model
6.3. Development of Quantum Theory
6.4. Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
6.5. Periodic Variations in Element Properties
Glossary
Chapter 7. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
7.1. Ionic Bonding
7.2. Covalent Bonding
7.3. Lewis Symbols and Structures
7.4. Formal Charges and Resonance
7.5. Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
7.6. Molecular Structure and Polarity
Glossary
Chapter 8. Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
8.1. Valence Bond Theory
8.2. Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
8.3. Multiple Bonds
8.4. Molecular Orbital Theory
Glossary
Chapter 9. Gases
9.1. Gas Pressure
9.2. Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
9.3. Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
9.4. Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
9.5. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
9.6. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
Glossary
Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids
10.1. Intermolecular Forces
10.2. Properties of Liquids
10.3. Phase Transitions
10.4. Phase Diagrams
10.5. The Solid State of Matter
10.6. Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Glossary
Chapter 11. Solutions and Colloids
11.1. The Dissolution Process
11.2. Electrolytes
11.3. Solubility
11.4. Colligative Properties
11.5. Colloids
Glossary
Chapter 12. Kinetics
12.1. Chemical Reaction Rates
12.2. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
12.3. Rate Laws
12.4. Integrated Rate Laws
12.5. Collision Theory
12.6. Reaction Mechanisms
12.7. Catalysis
Glossary
Chapter 13. Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
13.1. Chemical Equilibria
13.2. Equilibrium Constants
13.3. Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
13.4. Equilibrium Calculations
Glossary
Chapter 14. Acid-Base Equilibria
14.1. Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
14.2. pH and pOH
14.3. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
14.4. Hydrolysis of Salts
14.5. Polyprotic Acids
14.6. Buffers
14.7. Acid-Base Titrations
Glossary
Chapter 15. Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
15.1. Precipitation and Dissolution
15.2. Lewis Acids and Bases
15.3. Coupled Equilibria
Glossary
Chapter 16. Thermodynamics
16.1. Spontaneity
16.2. Entropy
16.3. The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
16.4. Free Energy
Glossary
Chapter 17. Electrochemistry
17.1. Review of Redox Chemistry
17.2. Galvanic Cells
17.3. Electrode and Cell Potentials
17.4. Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
17.5. Batteries and Fuel Cells
17.6. Corrosion
17.7. Electrolysis
Glossary
Chapter 18. Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
18.1. Periodicity
18.2. Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
18.3. Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
18.4. Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
18.5. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
18.6. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
18.7. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
18.8. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
18.9. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
18.10. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
18.11. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
18.12. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
Glossary
Chapter 19. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
19.1. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
19.2. Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
19.3. Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Glossary
Chapter 20. Organic Chemistry
20.1. Hydrocarbons
20.2. Alcohols and Ethers
20.3. Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
20.4. Amines and Amides
Glossary
Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry
21.1. Nuclear Structure and Stability
21.2. Nuclear Equations
21.3. Radioactive Decay
21.4. Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
21.5. Uses of Radioisotopes
21.6. Biological Effects of Radiation
Glossary
Appendix A. The Periodic Table
Appendix B. Essential Mathematics
B.1. Exponential Arithmetic
B.2. Significant Figures
B.3. The Use of Logarithms and Exponential Numbers
B.4. The Solution of Quadratic Equations
B.5. Two-Dimensional (x-y) Graphing
Appendix C. Units and Conversion Factors
Appendix D. Fundamental Physical Constants
Appendix E. Water Properties
Appendix F. Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
Appendix G. Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
Appendix H. Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
Appendix I. Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
Appendix J. Solubility Products
Appendix K. Formation Constants for Complex Ions
Appendix L. Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
Appendix M. Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
Solutions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Index