Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Commercial Applications

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Editors
Part I Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Overview, Commercialization, and Economic Aspects
Chapter 1 A Detailed Study on Carbon Nanotubes: Properties, Synthesis, and Characterization
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Evolution of Carbon: Graphite to CNTs
1.2.1 Graphite
1.2.2 Diamond
1.2.3 Graphene
1.2.3.1 Direct Lattice
1.2.3.2 The Reciprocal Lattice
1.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes
1.2.4.1 SWNTs: Types and Structure
1.2.4.2 Chirality
1.2.4.3 Electronic Properties of CNTs
1.2.4.4 Optical Properties of CNTs
1.2.4.5 Chemical Properties of CNTs
1.2.4.6 Defects in CNTs
1.2.4.7 CNTs Properties Modification by Chemical Functionalization Process
1.2.4.8 Applications of CNTs
1.2.4.9 Synthesis of CNTs
1.2.4.10 Analysis of CNTs by Raman Spectroscopy
1.3 Conclusion
Declaration of Competing Interest
Companies Dealing with Chemically Modified CNTs
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Surface Modification Strategies for the Carbon Nanotubes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Fabrication
2.2.1 Arc‐Discharge Method
2.2.2 Laser Vapor Deposition
2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
2.3 Purification of CNTs
2.4 Surface Modification of CNTs
2.4.1 Methods of Functionalization
2.4.2 Noncovalent Functionalization
2.4.3 Covalent (Chemical) Functionalization
2.4.3.1 Defect‐Group Functionalization
2.4.3.2 Sidewall Functionalization
2.4.3.3 CNTs Functionalized with Polymer
2.4.3.4 CNTs Functionalized with Biomolecules
2.4.3.5 CNTs Functionalization with Ionic Liquid (ILs)
2.4.3.6 Plasma Activated CNTs
2.5 Characterization of CNTs
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Latest Developments in Commercial Scale Fabrications for Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes
Abbreviations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Industrial Scale Fabrication Strategies
3.2.1 Basic Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Process
3.2.1.1 Industrial Level Fabrication of CNT Through Various CVD Methods
3.2.1.2 High‐Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition
3.2.1.3 Atmospheric‐Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (APCVD)
3.2.1.4 Low‐Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD)
3.3 CVD on the Basis of Reactor Wall Temperature
3.3.1 Hot‐Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition (Hot‐Wall CVD)
3.3.2 Cold‐Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cold‐Wall CVD)
3.4 Arc‐Discharge
3.5 Laser Vaporization
3.6 Other Synthesis Methods
3.7 Applications
3.7.1 Transistors
3.7.2 Conductor
3.7.3 Composites
3.7.4 Aerogels
3.8 Future Scope
3.9 Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
Other Sources
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Economical Uses of Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
4.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
4.4 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
4.5 Characterization/Analysis of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
4.6 Economy of Carbon Nanotubes
4.7 Economic Importance of Carbon Nanotubes
4.8 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
4.9 Water Splitting
4.10 Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
4.11 Quantum Dot Solar Cells
4.12 Silicon‐Based Solar Cells
4.13 Thermoelectric Fabrics
4.14 Cost of Carbon Nanotubes
4.15 Globalization of Carbon Nanotubes
4.16 Conclusion
References
Part II Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Energy and Environment Applications
Chapter 5 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Energy Production and Storage
Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Production of Carbon Nanotubes
5.3 History of Energy Storage Devices and Materials
5.4 Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Storage
5.4.1 Carbon Nanotube Hybrid for Lithium‐Metal Batteries
5.4.2 Wearable Energy Storage with Fiberic Carbon Nanotube
5.4.3 Carbon Nanotube Hybrid for Supercapacitor Energy Storage
5.4.4 Carbon Nanotubes/Biochar for Energy Storage
5.5 Present and Future of Carbon Nanotubes
5.6 Commercial‐Scale Application of Chemically Modified CNTs for Energy Storage
5.7 Companies Produced CNTs for the Application of Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Storage
References
Chapter 6 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Pollutants Adsorption
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Chemically Modified CNTs
6.3 Chemically Modified CNTs for Adsorptive Removal of Pollutants
6.3.1 Organic Dyes
6.3.2 Removal of Pharmaceuticals
6.3.3 Other Organic Pollutants
6.3.4 Metal Ions
6.4 Influencing Factors
6.5 Adsorption Mechanisms of Chemically Modified CNTs
6.6 Modified CNT‐Based Materials Toward Commercialization
6.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Removal of Textiles Effluents
7.1 Introduction
7.2 History of Removal of Textiles Effluents
7.3 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes
7.3.1 Chemical Properties
7.3.2 Modification Through Chemical Reduction of Diazonium Salts
7.4 Dyes Removal Techniques
7.5 Adsorption
7.6 Carbon‐Based Nanoadsorbents
7.7 Carbon Nanotubes
7.8 Carbon Nanotubes as an Adsorption of Dye Molecules
7.9 Industrial Application of Synthetic Dyes
7.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Membrane Separation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Overview
8.3 Method of Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
8.3.1 Arc Discharge
8.3.2 Laser Ablation
8.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
8.3.4 Hydrothermal
8.3.5 Electrolysis
8.4 Fabrication Methods of CNTs
8.4.1 Fabrication of CNT‐Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (CNT‐MMCs)
8.4.2 Microwave‐Assisted Fabrication of CNTs
8.5 Functionalization of CNTs
8.6 Chemically Modified Derivatization of CNTs
8.6.1 Electrochemically Assisted Covalent Modification
8.7 Polymer Grafting
8.8 Carbon Nanotubes Enhanced with Nanoparticles
8.9 Advantages of CNTs
8.10 Challenges in CNTs
8.11 Applications of CNTs as Membrane Separation
8.11.1 Water Treatment
8.11.2 Air Filtration
8.11.3 Energy Storage: Capacitors and Batteries
8.11.4 Electrochemical Separation and Catalysis
8.11.5 Electronic Devices Fabrication
8.11.6 Environment
8.11.7 Biology and Agriculture
8.12 Commercial‐Scale of Chemically Modified CNTs in Membrane Separation
8.13 Future Insights
8.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Water Purification System
Abbreviations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 History of Water Purification Methods
9.3 Carbon Nanotubes CNTs Types
9.4 Vital of Modification of CNTs
9.5 Surface Modified CNTs for Water Purification
9.6 Polymer/CNTs Grafting for Water Purification
9.7 Bulk Modified CNTs for Water Purification
9.8 Important of Carbon Nanotubes for Water Purification
9.9 Conclusions and Future Research Directions
9.10 Commercial Application of Chemically Modified CNTs in Water Purification
9.11 Companies Produced CNTs for the Application of Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Water Purification System
References
Part III Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Electronic and Electrical Applications
Chapter 10 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Electronics and Photonic Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Chemical Modifications of CNTs
10.2.1 Oxidative Functionalization of CNTs
10.2.2 Polymer/Ionic Liquid Modification of Oxidized CNTs
10.2.3 Direct Covalent Modification of CNT
10.2.4 Heteroatom Doping of CNTs
10.2.5 Charge Transfer/Noncovalent Doping of CNTs
10.3 Chemically Modified CNTs in Electronics
10.3.1 Transistors
10.3.2 Rectifying Diodes
10.3.3 Bioelectronics
10.4 Chemically Modified CNTs in Photonics
10.4.1 Organic Photovoltaics (OPV)
10.4.2 Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
10.4.3 Touch Panels
10.5 Summary and Future Scope
References
Chapter 11 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Electrochemical Sensors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes Toward Sensors
11.2.1 Covalent Functionalization of CNTs Toward Sensing
11.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization of CNTs Toward Sensing
11.2.3 Polymers Wrapping of CNTs Toward Sensing
11.2.4 CNTs Decorated with Metal Nanoparticles Toward Sensing
11.3 Electrochemical Sensing Applications of CNTs
11.3.1 CNT‐Based Sensors for Environment Protection
11.3.2 CNT‐Based Sensors for Pharmaceutical Applications
11.3.3 Monitoring of Biomolecular Compounds
11.3.3.1 Glucose Sensor
11.3.3.2 DNA Sensor
11.3.4 CNTs‐Based Sensors for Real Sample Analysis
11.4 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 12 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Lab on Chip Devices
Abbreviations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Allotropes of Carbon
12.2.1 Diamond
12.2.2 Graphite
12.2.3 Fullerenes
12.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes
12.2.4.1 SWCNT: Various Synthesis Methods
12.2.4.2 Growth Catalysts for SWCNT
12.2.4.3 Approach of Introducing the Catalyst on SWCNTs (CVD) Growth
12.2.5 Double‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (DWCNTs)
12.2.5.1 Development of DWCNTs
12.2.5.2 Purification of DWCNTs
12.3 Carbon Nanotube Used in Solar Cells
12.4 Carbon Nanotube Used in Optical Sensors
12.5 Carbon Nanotube Used in Light‐Emitting Diodes
12.6 Carbon Nanotube Used in Electronic Device Fabrication
12.7 Carbon Nanotube Used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries (LIBs)
12.8 Carbon Nanotube Used in Chip Cooling
12.9 Carbon Nanotube Used in Photovoltaic Devices
12.10 Carbon Nanotube Used in Nonvolatile Random Access Memory
12.11 Carbon Nanotube Used in Potential Device
12.12 Carbon Nanotube Used in On‐Chip Inductor
12.13 Carbon Nanotube Used in Electronic Device
12.14 Carbon Nanotube Used in Quantum CNFETs
12.15 Carbon Nanotube Used in Schottky‐Barrier Ballistic CNFETs
12.16 Carbon Nanotube Used in Chemical Sensors and Biosensors
12.17 Carbon Nanotube Used in Field Emission of Electrons
12.18 Carbon Nanotube Used in Supercapacitor Devices with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance
12.19 Carbon Nanotube Used in Flip‐Chip High Power Amplifiers
12.20 Carbon Nanotube Used in Transistor Device Application
12.21 Carbon Nanotube Used in Supercapacitors and Batteries
12.22 Future Scope
12.23 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Part IV Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Biomedical Applications
Chapter 13 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Carbon Nanotubes as Novel Nanocarriers
13.2.1 CNTs as an Alternative to Conventional Carriers
13.2.2 Biodistribution, Biocompatibility, and Cellular Uptake Mechanism of CNTs
13.3 The Need for Chemical Modification and Its Importance
13.4 Chemically Modified Approaches of Carbon Nanotubes
13.4.1 Covalent Chemical Modifications of CNTs
13.4.1.1 Oxidation of CNTs
13.4.1.2 1.3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides
13.4.1.3 Halogenation
13.4.1.4 Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Additions
13.4.1.5 Electrochemical Modifications
13.4.1.6 Radical Additions
13.4.1.7 Nitrene Cycloaddition
13.4.2 Non‐Covalent Modifications of CNTs
13.4.2.1 Electrostatic and π–π Interactions
13.4.2.2 Adsorption of PEGylated Derivatives
13.4.2.3 Adsorption of Enzymes, Proteins, DNA, Polymers, and Carbohydrates
13.5 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes as a Nanocarrier for Cancer Delivery System
13.5.1 Chemotherapeutic Agents (Small Drugs)
13.5.2 Biologicals, Vaccines, Tumor‐Derived Antigens
13.5.3 Adjuvants
13.5.4 Gene Therapy
13.5.4.1 Oligonucleotides (ODNs)
13.5.4.2 DNA/RNA Aptamers
13.5.5 Diagnostic Tool for Cancer
13.6 Limitations and Challenges of Chemically Modified CNTs
13.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 14 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Antibacterial
14.3 Antifungal
14.4 Anticancer
14.5 Others
14.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Applications of Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering
15.2.1 Neural Tissue Engineering
15.2.2 Cardiac Tissue Engineering
15.2.3 Bone Tissue Engineering
15.2.4 Dental Tissue Engineering
15.3 Conclusion and Future Outlook
Few Websites Related to CNTs Engineering
References
Chapter 16 Applications of Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Tissue Engineering
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biochemical Modifications for Tissue Engineering
16.2.1 Polymer‐based Modification
16.2.2 Hydrogel‐based Modification
16.2.3 Nanoparticle‐based Modification
16.3 Tissue Engineering Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
16.3.1 Application in Bone Tissue Engineering
16.3.2 Application in Nervous System Engineering
16.3.3 Application in Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering
16.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Part V Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Construction Applications
Chapter 17 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Cement and Concrete Field
17.1 Introduction
17.2 CNT Dispersion in Cement‐Based Materials: Methodologies
17.3 Improvement of Concrete Properties by Addition of CNTs
17.4 Improvement in the Hydration Reaction
17.5 Improvement in Mechanical Properties and Relevant Mechanisms
17.6 Enhanced Durability
17.7 Improvements in Electrical and Thermal Conductivity
17.8 Improvements in Corrosion Resistance Properties of Cement/Concrete
17.9 Potential Structural Applications of CNTs Reinforced Cement‐Based Materials
17.10 Challenges
17.11 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
Part VI Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Emerging Applications
Chapter 18 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in 3D and 4D Printing
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Method for the Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Modification
18.2.1 Polymer Grafting
18.2.2 Electrodeposition
18.2.3 Electroless Deposition (ELD)
18.2.4 Modification Through Covalent Attachment
18.2.5 Thermal‐Assisted Chemical Covalent Functionalization
18.3 Chemically Modified CNT for 3D Printing
18.3.1 Commercially Available CNTs for Printing Technology
18.4 Application of Chemically Modified CNTs for 3D Printing
18.4.1 Mechanical Properties Enhancement
18.4.2 Energy Storage Devices
18.5 Modified CNTs for 4D Printing Technique
18.5.1 Shape Memory Functionalized for Liquid Sensors
18.5.2 4D Printing of Stretchable Supercapacitors
18.6 Boundaries for 3D/4D Printings and Prospects
18.6.1 Material Revolution
18.6.2 Interfacial Properties of Polymer‐CNT and Homogeneous Distribution
18.6.3 Future Scope
18.7 Conclusions
References
Questions
Chapter 19 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Tribology Applications
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Tribological Phenomena – Principle, Mechanism, and Application
19.3 Contemporary Research on Carbon Nanomaterials for Tribological Application
19.4 Improvement of Tribological Behaviors of Bulk CNT Materials
19.4.1 Molecular Simulation for Functionalized CNT Materials for Nano Tribology
19.4.2 Probing Complexities in Friction and Wear Properties of Functionalized CNT Materials
19.4.3 Advances in Surface Engineering of CNTs for Tuning Friction and Wear Properties
19.5 Recent Advances in Hybrid CNT Materials in Tribological Application
19.5.1 Lubrication Properties of CNTs
19.5.2 Tuning Additive Morphology and Wettability for Superlubricity in CNTs
19.5.3 Development of CNTs‐Based Frictionless Surface Coatings
19.5.3.1 Single‐Walled CNTs (SWCNTs)
19.5.3.2 Multi‐Walled CNTs (MWCNTs)
19.5.4 Synergistic Effect CNT and Conventional Tribo‐Filler Materials in Property Enhancement
19.6 High‐Temperature Tribology of CNTs
19.6.1 Friction and Wear at High Temperature
19.6.2 Control of Friction and Wear at High Temperatures
19.7 Biotribology of CNTs
19.7.1 Joint Tribology
19.7.2 Inspiring Biomimetic Materials in Tribology Application
19.8 Modified CNTs for Commercial‐Scale Tribology Applications
19.9 Other Nanomaterials for Tribological Applications
19.10 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 20 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Corrosion Protection
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Modification Approaches
20.2.1 Oxidized CNTs
20.2.1.1 CNTs‐Based Barrier Coatings
20.2.1.2 CNTs‐Based Conductive Coatings
20.2.1.3 CNTs‐Based Sacrificial Coatings
20.2.2 Silanized CNTs
20.2.3 Polymer Grafting
20.2.3.1 CPs
20.2.3.2 Other Polymers
20.2.4 Decoration with Inorganic Materials
20.2.5 Loading with Corrosion Inhibitor
20.3 Commercial‐Scale Application
20.4 Summary
References
Chapter 21 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes and Sustainability
Abbreviations
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes
21.2.1 Surface Modification
21.2.1.1 Chemical Functionalization (Covalent Functionalization)
21.2.1.2 Physical Modification (Non‐covalent Functionalization)
21.3 Future Scope
21.4 Conclusion
Author's Contributions
Conflict of Interest
Other Sources
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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