Carbon membranes have great advantages of strong mechanical strength and high chemical stabilities, as well as high separation performance to reach the industrial attractive region. Further improvement on membrane performance can potentially offset the relatively high production cost compared to polymeric membranes. However, there are still some challenges related to fabrication of asymmetric carbon membranes, the controlling of structure and pore-size and module up-scaling for commercial application. The aim of this book is to provide the fundamentals on carbon membrane materials for the young researchers and engineers to develop frontier membrane materials for energy efficient separation process.
This book describes the status and perspectives of both self-supported and supported carbon membranes from fundamentals to applications. The key steps on the development of high performance carbon membranes including precursor selection, tuning carbon membrane structure and regeneration are discussed. In the end, different potential applications both in gas and liquids separation are well described, and the future directions for carbon membrane development were pointed out.
To this end, membrane science and engineering are set to play crucial roles as enabling technologies to provide energy efficient and cost-effective future solutions for energy and environment related processes. Based on this approach the research projects which are trying to find attractive carbon materials in our days are many. The published papers, per year, in the topic of carbon membranes, especially for biogas upgrading, natural gas sweetening and hydrogen purification, are numerous with very high impact. However, only few are the books which include relevant to the topic of carbon membrane technology. This book offers the condensed and interdisciplinary knowledge on carbon membranes, and provides the opportunity to the scientists who are working in the field of carbon membrane technology for gas and liquid separations to present, share, and discuss their contributions within the membrane community.
Author(s): Xuezhong He, Izumi Kumakiri
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 183
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Part 1: Fundamentals of Carbon Membranes
Chapter 1: Carbon Membrane Preparation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Precursor Selection and Preparation
1.3 Carbon Membrane Preparation
1.4 Carbon Membrane Regeneration
1.5 Carbon Membrane Upscaling
1.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Carbon Membrane Performance: State-of-the-Art
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Unsupported Flat-Sheet Carbon Membranes
2.3 Supported Flat-Sheet and Tubular Carbon Membranes
2.3.1 Support Modification
2.3.2 Ultrathin Supported CMS Membranes
2.4 Carbon Hollow Fiber Membranes
2.4.1 Symmetric CHFMs
2.4.2 Asymmetric CHFMs
2.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: Carbon Membrane Characterization
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Chemical Structural Evolution during Carbonization
3.3 Morphology of Carbon Membranes
3.4 Microstructure of Carbon Membranes
3.5 Gas Separation Measurement
3.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
List of Acronyms
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 4: Carbon Membrane Transport Mechanisms
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Gas Transport Model
4.3 Transport through Carbon Membranes
4.3.1 Knudsen Diffusion
4.3.2 Selective Surface Flow
4.3.3 Molecular Sieving
4.4 Process Parameter Influences
4.4.1 Effect of Pressure
4.4.2 Effect of Temperature
4.5 Summary
Nomenclature
References
Part 2: Carbon Membrane Applications
Chapter 5: Carbon Membranes for Biogas Upgrading
5.1 Background
5.2 Carbon Hollow Fiber Production
5.3 Carbon Membranes for Biogas Upgrading
5.3.1 Biogas Upgrading Pre-Study
5.3.2 Biomethane Utilization
5.4 Case Study/Operation of a Biogas Upgrading Pilot Plant Based on Carbon Membranes
5.4.1 Process Description
5.4.2 Membrane Modules Description
5.4.3 Pilot Operation
5.4.4 Challenges and Suggestions
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Carbon Membranes for Natural Gas Sweetening
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Natural Gas
6.3 Membranes for Natural Gas Sweetening
6.4 Polymeric Membranes and Ionic Liquids for Natural Gas Sweetening
6.5 Inorganic and Polymeric Membranes: A Comparative Approach
6.6 From Polymeric Material to Carbon Membranes
6.7 Carbon Membranes for Natural Gas Sweetening
6.8 Natural Gas Sweetening Process Simulation and Optimization
6.9 Process Design of Natural Gas Sweetening Plants
6.10 Natural Gas Sweetening Process: A Financial Approach
6.11 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
List of Acronyms
List of Symbols
References
Chapter 7: Carbon Membranes for H 2 Purification
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Precursor Polymer Selection
7.2.1 Cellulose Derivatives
7.2.2 Polyimides
7.2.3 Polyetherimides
7.2.4 Phenolic Resins and Analogous Compounds
7.2.5 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol
7.2.6 Polyphenylene Oxide
7.2.7 Other Polymer Precursors
7.3 Applications of Carbon Membranes in Hydrogen Separation
7.4 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Carbon Membranes for Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration
8.1 Introduction
8.2 General Fabrication of CMs
8.2.1 Precursor Selection
8.2.2 Membrane Formation
8.2.3 Pyrolysis Conditions
8.2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition
8.2.5 Ion Irradiation
8.3 CMs for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration
8.3.1 Compression Technology
8.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition
8.3.3 Membrane Coating and Pyrolysis
8.3.3.1 Spin-Coating
8.3.3.2 Cast-Coating
8.3.3.3 Dip-Coating
8.3.4 Sol–Gel Method
8.4 Modification of CMs
8.4.1 Surface Modification
8.4.2 Pore Modification
8.4.3 Template Method
8.4.4 Antifouling Ability
8.5 Application Prospects
8.5.1 Membrane Filtration
8.5.2 Process Integration
8.5.3 Membrane Bioreactor
8.5.4 Energy Production
8.6 Conclusions and Remarks
References
Chapter 9: Carbon Membranes for Other Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Carbon Membranes for CO 2 Capture from Flue Gas
9.3 Carbon Membranes for Olefin/Paraffin Separation
9.4 Carbon Membranes for Artificial Photosynthesis
9.5 Carbon Membranes for Organic Solvent Separation
References
Chapter 10: Future Perspectives
Index
