Carbon Dots: Next-generation Materials for Biomedical Applications

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors’ biographies
Dr Ravindra Pratap Singh
Dr Raju Khan
Dr Jay Singh
Mr Kshitij RB Singh
List of contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Carbon dots: an overview of their future uses in the biomedical domain
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of carbon dots in the biomedical domain
1.2.1 Uses of carbon dots as anti-inflammatory agents
1.2.2 Uses of carbon dots in the fabrication of biosensors
1.2.3 Detection of biomolecules using carbon dots
1.2.4 Uses of carbon dots in bioimaging
1.2.5 Carbon dots as cancer theranostic agents
1.2.6 Carbon dots for gene and drug delivery
1.2.7 The use of carbon dots to combat various pathogens
1.2.8 Uses of carbon dots in tissue engineering
1.2.9 Biosafety and bioregulation of carbon dots
1.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References and further reading
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Carbon dots as a potent anti-inflammatory agent
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis and properties of carbon dots
2.2.1 Techniques used to synthesize carbon dots
2.2.2 Properties of carbon dots
2.3 Carbon dots as biomedical nanomaterials
2.3.1 Therapeutics/drug delivery
2.3.2 Bioimaging
2.3.3 Biosensing
2.3.4 Antimicrobial
2.3.5 Anti-aging
2.3.6 Anti-inflammatory
2.4 Biocompatibility of carbon dots
2.4.1 In vitro studies
2.4.2 In vivo studies
2.5 Basics and types of anti-inflammatory agents
2.6 Potential use of carbon dots as anti-inflammatory agents
2.7 Advantages and challenges associated with carbon dots in medical applications
2.8 Advances of carbon dots in biomedical applications
2.9 Conclusions
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Carbon dots for the fabrication of biosensors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synthesis and properties of carbon dots
3.2.1 Top-down approaches
3.2.2 Bottom-up approaches
3.2.3 Unique properties of carbon dots
3.3 Fabrication of carbon-dot-based biosensors
3.3.1 Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors
3.3.2 Electrochemical biosensors
3.3.3 Optical biosensors
3.4 Potential use of carbon dots in various point-of-care biosensors
3.5 Challenges and future perspectives
3.6 Conclusions
Declaration of interests
Acknowledgments
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 The uses of carbon dots in biomolecule detection
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Detection mechanisms
4.2.1 Fluorescence-based detection mechanisms
4.2.2 Electrochemical detection mechanisms
4.3 Fluorescence-based detection of biomolecules
4.3.1 Glucose
4.3.2 Vitamins
4.3.3 Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNS and ROS)
4.3.4 Proteins
4.3.5 Nucleic acids
4.3.6 Other biomolecules
4.3.7 Metal ions
4.3.8 Anions
4.4 Electrochemical detection
4.4.1 Monoamine neurotransmitters
4.4.2 Glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
4.4.3 Nucleic acid detection
4.4.4 Detection of other biomolecules
4.5 Conclusions and prospects
Acknowledgments
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Potentialities of carbon dots for bioimaging applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Various synthesis routes for CDs
5.3 The biocompatibility and biotoxicity of CDs used in bioimaging applications
5.4 Applications of CDs in bioimaging
5.5 The optical and biological properties of CDs used in bioimaging applications
5.5.1 The optical properties of CDs
5.5.2 Biological properties of CDs
5.6 Tailoring the properties of CDs for bioimaging applications
5.6.1 Two categories of doped CDs
5.6.2 Surface-functionalized CDs
5.6.3 Nanocomposites of CDs
5.6.4 Naturally driven CDs
5.7 The advantages and disadvantages of CDs in bioimaging applications
5.8 Future prospects of the use of CDs in biomedical imaging
5.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Carbon dots as a theranostic agent for combating cancer
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Carbon dots (CDs)
6.2.1 Discovery and architecture of carbon dots
6.2.2 Synthesis of carbon dots
6.2.3 Properties of carbon dots
6.3 Theranostic approach
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Cancer treatment
6.4 Carbon dots in the fight against cancer
6.4.1 Diagnostic approaches that use CDs
6.4.2 Therapeutic approaches that use CDs
6.4.3 Bioimaging and photodynamic cancer therapy using metal-containing carbon dots
6.4.4 Polyethyleneimine carbon dots for cancer gene therapy
6.5 Scope of carbon dots as a theranostic agent to combat cancer
6.6 Conclusions and prospects
Acknowledgments
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Carbon dots for drug and gene delivery
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biocompatibility of carbon dots
7.3 Carbon dots for drug delivery
7.4 Carbon dots for gene delivery
7.5 Conclusions
References and additional reading
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 The role of carbon dots in combating various pathogens
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The role of carbon dots in combating various fungi and yeasts
8.3 The role of carbon dots in combating bacteria
8.4 The role of carbon dots in combating viruses
8.5 The mechanisms of the antiviral actions of carbon dots
8.6 Conclusions
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 The uses of carbon dots as potential materials for future tissue engineering
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Carbon-based materials for tissue engineering
9.2.1 Types of CD
9.2.2 Outlook of carbon dots
9.2.3 Fluorescence emission in CDs
9.2.4 Other properties
9.3 Synthesis of carbon dots for inclusion in tissue-engineered scaffolds
9.3.1 Synthesis and functionalization
9.3.2 Ideal design requirements of CDs intended for clinical use
9.3.3 Carbon-dot-mediated scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications
9.4 Multifunctional advancements of carbon dots
9.4.1 Live cell imaging
9.4.2 Subcellular targeting probes for super-resolution imaging
9.4.3 Scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications
9.5 Recent advances in the use of carbon dots for tissue-engineering applications
9.5.1 Bone tissue engineering
9.5.2 Nerve tissue engineering
9.5.3 Skin tissue engineering
9.5.4 Cardiac tissue engineering
9.5.5 Cartilage tissue engineering
9.5.6 Ocular tissue engineering
9.6 Challenges
9.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References and additional reading
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Carbon dot biosafety and bioregulation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Aspects of carbon-dot biosafety
10.3 Bioregulation of carbon dots
10.4 Conclusions and prospects
References