Carbon-Based Metal Free Catalysts: Preparation, Structural and Morphological Property and Application

Front Cover
Carbon-Based Metal Free Catalysts
Carbon-Based Metal Free Catalysts
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Contents
Contributors
1 - Nanocarbon-based metal-free catalysts: types, preparation, and applications
1. Introduction
2. Classification of carbon-based metal-free catalysts and their preparation methods
2.1 Preparation of various carbon-based metal-free catalysts
2.1.1 Zero-dimensional carbon allotropes
2.1.2 One-dimensional carbon allotropes
2.1.3 Two-dimensional carbon allotropes
2.2 Foreign atom-doped carbon-based metal-free catalysts
2.2.1 Monodoping
2.2.2 Bi-/multielemental doping
3. Applications of carbon-based metal-free catalysts
3.1 Energy applications
3.2 Environmental remediation applications
3.3 Chemical production applications
4. Conclusions and perspective
Acknowledgments
References
2 - Carbon-based metal-free catalysts for catalytic reforming of methane (CH4) with carbon dioxide (CO2)
1. Introduction
2. Catalytic methane–carbon dioxide reforming by carbon materials
2.1 The influence of carbon materials on methane and carbon dioxide conversion
2.2 The influence of carbon materials on activity
2.3 The influence of methane/carbone dioxide ratios
2.4 Airspeed effects
2.5 Reaction temperature effects
2.6 Gas composition of methane–carbon dioxide reforming over carbon materials catalyst
3. Carbon catalyst characterization
3.1 Scanning electron microscopy of carbon catalyst
3.2 Specific surface and pore structure
3.3 The influence of ash in the carbon catalyst
3.4 Analysis of oxygen-containing functional groups
3.4.1 X-ray electron spectroscopy analysis of carbon catalyst before and after reaction
3.4.2 Oxygen-containing functional groups in carbon materials by Boehm titration
3.5 X-ray diffraction analysis of carbon materials
4. Kinetics and reforming reaction mechanism
4.1 Kinetics
4.2 Catalytic methane cracking and kinetics over carbon material
4.2.1 The effect of carbon material catalysts on methane cracking
4.2.1.1 The effect of temperature on carbon catalytic methane cracking
4.2.1.2 Influence of different carbon materials on methane cracking
4.2.1.3 Influence of particle size
4.2.2 Kinetics of methane cracking
4.3 Carbon material consumption and kinetics
4.3.1 Weight loss characteristics of carbon materials
4.3.1.1 Weight loss characteristics of carbon catalyst in carbon dioxide gasification
4.3.1.1.1 Influence of carbon dioxide flow rate on weight loss of carbon catalyst
4.3.1.1.2 The effect of temperature on the weight loss of carbon catalyst
4.3.1.2 Characteristics of carbon catalyst weight loss during methane–carbon dioxide reforming
4.3.1.2.1 The effect of carbon dioxide/methane ratio on weight loss of carbon catalyst
4.3.1.2.2 The effect of reaction temperatures
4.3.2 Consumption kinetics
4.4 Mechanism and kinetics of carbon dioxide reforming of methane
4.4.1 Discussion of reforming reaction mechanism
4.4.2 Reaction mechanism of methane–carbon dioxide reforming of methane over carbon materials
4.4.3 Reaction kinetics of carbon dioxide reforming of methane
4.4.3.1 Dynamic model establishment
4.4.3.2 Reforming kinetic test
4.4.3.3 Kinetics parameter calculation and inspection
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
3 - Metal-free catalysts for fuel cell applications
1. Fuel cells: overview and necessity
1.1 Fundamentals of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and direct methanol fuel cells
2. Methanol electrooxidation
2.1 Anode catalysts for methanol electrooxidation
2.1.1 Preparation methods
2.1.2 Platinum group metal-free carbon-based anode catalysts
3. Oxygen reduction reaction
3.1 Electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction
3.1.1 Platinum group metal-free cathode catalysts
3.1.2 Carbon-based metal-free cathode catalysts
4. Conclusion
References
4 - Metal-free catalysts for hydrogen production
1. Introduction
2. Metal-free catalysts
2.1 Carbon materials
2.1.1 Activated carbon
2.1.2 Carbon nanotubes
2.1.3 Fullerene
2.1.4 Graphite
2.1.5 Graphene
2.2 Materials doped with heteroatoms
2.3 Polymers
3. Hydrogen sources
3.1 Sodium borohydride
3.2 Ammonium borane
3.3 Hydrazine borane
3.4 Water splitting
3.4.1 Electrolysis
3.4.2 Thermolysis
3.4.3 Photoelectrolysis
3.5 Formic acid
4. Hydrogen production
5. Characterization techniques
5.1 X-ray diffraction
5.2 Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy
5.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
5.4 Raman spectroscopy
5.5 Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis
6. Conclusion
References
5 - Role of activated carbon for metal-free catalysts
1. Introduction
2. Gas evolution by electrochemical reaction
3. Oxidation-reduction reaction
4. Catalytic dry reforming of carbon dioxide and methane
5. Hydrogen generation for ammonia production
6. Dehydrogenation reactions
7. Deoxygenation reaction
8. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
6 - Carbon-based metal-free catalysts for photocatalytic reactions
1. Introduction
2. A brief introduction to carbon nitride as a metal-free photocatalyst
2.1 Non-metal-doped g-C3N4 catalysts
2.2 Heterojunction of g-C3N4 with other metal-free catalysts
3. Carbon-based metal-free photocatalysts
3.1 Graphene-based metal-free photocatalysts
3.2 Carbon nanotube-based metal-free photocatalysts
3.3 Carbon nanofiber-based metal-free photocatalysts
3.4 Fullerene (C60/C70)-based metal-free photocatalysts
3.5 Mesoporous carbon-based metal-free photocatalysts
4. Carbon-based metal-free quantum dots in photocatalysis
4.1 Graphene quantum dots
4.2 Carbon quantum dots
5. Conclusion
References
7 - Heterogeneous carbon metal-free catalysts: a conceptual perspective
1. Introduction
2. Catalyst: definition with classic examples
3. Nature, accessibility, and concentration of the active sites of heterogeneous catalysts
4. Chemical reactions catalyzed by metal-free carbon
5. Main types of metal-free carbon-based catalysts
5.1 Graphitic carbon nitride
5.2 Graphene
5.3 Carbon nanotubes
5.4 Activated carbon
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
8 - Electrocatalysis with metal-free carbon-based catalysts
1. Introduction
2. Carbon materials
2.1 Structure
2.1.1 Fullerenes
2.1.2 Carbon nanotubes
2.1.3 Graphene-based materials
2.2 Surface chemistry
3. Carbon materials as metal-free electrocatalysts
3.1 Oxygen reduction reaction
3.2 Hydrogen evolution reaction
3.3 CO2 reduction reaction
4. Conclusions and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
9 - Role of activated carbons as metal-free catalysts
1. Activated carbons
2. Activated carbon as a metal-free catalyst
3. Metal-free activated carbon catalysts for energy
4. Metal-free activated carbon catalysts for environmental remediation
5. Metal-free activated carbon in other catalytic processes
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
A
B
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D
E
F
G
H
I
K
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M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z
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