Campi Flegrei: A Restless Caldera in a Densely Populated Area

Foreword
Introduction
Contents
1 Volcanic and Deformation History of the Campi Flegrei Volcanic Field, Italy
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Geological Outlines of the Campanian Volcanic Area, Phlegraean Volcanic District and Somma-Vesuvio Volcanic Complex
3 Volcanic History of the Campi Flegrei Volcanic Field
3.1 Pre-Campi Flegrei Caldera Volcanism
3.2 Volcanism of the Campi Flegrei Caldera
3.2.1 Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption
3.2.2 Volcanism Between Campanian Ignimbrite and Neapolitan Yellow Tuff Eruptions
3.2.3 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff Eruption
3.2.4 Post-Neapolitan Yellow Tuff Volcanism
Epoch 1
Epoch 2
Epoch 3
Monte Nuovo Eruption
4 Deformation History of the Campi Flegrei Caldera
4.1 Caldera Collapses
4.1.1 Campanian Ignimbrite Caldera Collapse
4.1.2 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff Caldera Collapse
4.1.3 Agnano-Monte Spina Volcano-Tectonic Collapse
4.2 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff Caldera Resurgence
4.2.1 Long-Term Deformation
5 Conclusive Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
2 Seismic and Gravity Structure of the Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Data and Observables
2.1 Local Earthquake Seismic Data
2.2 Active Seismic Data
2.3 Gravity Dataset
3 The Campi Flegrei Caldera Structure Deduced by Velocity Tomography and Gravity Modelling
3.1 Shallow Unconsolidated, Water-Saturated Marine Sediments (from the Earth Surface to 900 m Depth)
3.2 Volcanic and Non-Volcanic Deposits, Buried Caldera Rim and Fluid-/Gas-Bearing Thermometamorphic Rocks (from 500 m to sim4 km Depth)
3.3 Mesozoic Carbonate Bedrock, Including Magma Layers (from sim4 to sim12 km Depth)
3.3.1 The Top of the Mesozoic Carbonate Sequence
3.3.2 Main Crustal Discontinuities Beneath the Caldera from Seismic Reflection Analysis
3.3.3 A Magma Sill Beneath the Caldera
3.4 Lower Crustal Structure and Moho (from sim12 to sim30 km Depth)
4 CFc Structure Deduced by Attenuation, Scattering and Ambient Noise Imaging
4.1 Direct-Wave Attenuation Images
4.2 Coda and Ambient Noise Imaging
5 Conclusive Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
3 An Evolutionary Model for the Magmatic System of the Campi Flegrei Volcanic Field (Italy) Constrained by Petrochemical Data
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Juvenile Products
3 The Differentiation of Campi Flegrei Magmas
4 Constraints from Geothermobarometry, Experimental Petrology, Melt Inclusions and Thermodynamic Modelling
5 The Campi Flegrei Magmatic System
6 Conclusive Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
4 Origin and Differentiation History of the Magmatic System Feeding the Campi Flegrei Volcanic Field (Italy) Constrained by Radiogenic and Stable Isotope Data
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Geochronological and Petrological Outlines
3 Radiogenic and Stable Isotope Data
4 Inferences from Isotope Data on the Origin and Evolution of the Campi Flegrei Volcanic Field Magmas
5 Magmatic Components
5.1 Pre-CI and CI Components
5.2 Pre-NYT/NYT Component
5.3 Post-NYT Components
6 Current Knowledge on the Architecture of the Magmatic Feeding System of the Campi Flegrei Caldera
7 Mingling/Mixing Processes in the Past 5 Kyrs: Agnano-Monte Spina, Astroni and Averno 2 Eruptions Case-Studies
7.1 Agnano-Monte Spina
7.2 Astroni
7.3 Averno 2
8 Conclusive Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
5 Tephrochronology and Geochemistry of Tephra from the Campi Flegrei Volcanic Field, Italy
Abstract
1 Tephrostratigraphy and Tephrochronology
1.1 Geochemical Fingerprinting
1.2 Controls on Tephra Dispersal
1.3 Applications of Tephrochronology
2 Geochemistry, Dispersal and Age of Key Tephra from the Campi Flegrei Volcanic Field
2.1 Campanian Ignimbrite
2.1.1 Distal Occurrences of Campanian Ignimbrite Tephra
2.1.2 Climatic Significance of the Campanian Ignimbrite
2.1.3 Timing of Dispersal and Development of Humans in Europe
2.2 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
2.2.1 Distal Occurrences of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff Tephra
2.2.2 Paleoclimate Reconstruction
2.3 Pomici Principali
2.3.1 Distal Occurrences of Pomici Principali Tephra
2.3.2 Constraining the Younger Dryas
2.4 Agnano-Monte Spina
2.4.1 Distal Occurrences of Agnano-Monte Spina Tephra
2.4.2 Constraining Short Time Intervals
3 Distal Tephra Archives
3.1 Eruptions Before the Campanian Ignimbrite ( greaterthan 39 ka)
3.1.1 The X-5 Tephra
3.1.2 The X-6 Tephra
3.2 Eruptions Between the Campanian Ignimbrite and Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (40–15 ka)
3.2.1 The Y-3 Tephra
4 Post Neapolitan Yellow Tuff Eruptions ( lessthan 15 ka)
5 Conclusive Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
6 Rheological Properties of the Magmas Feeding the Campi Flegrei Caldera (Italy) and Their Influence on Mixing Processes
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Rheological Properties of Magmas
2.1 Viscosity—Evaluation of Viscosity Models for Campi Flegrei Caldera Melts: Trachytic Compositions
2.1.1 Viscosity Model for Agnano-Monte Spina Eruption Melt
2.1.2 Viscosity Model for Campanian Ignimbrite and Monte Nuovo Eruptions Melts
2.1.3 Testing General Viscosity Models for Campi Flegrei Caldera Trachytic Melts
2.2 Density—Thermodynamic Calculations and Laboratory High-Temperature Measurements on Campi Flegrei Caldera Volcanic Products
3 Magma Rheology and Magma Mixing—Principles and Background (What is Mixing? Importance of an Adequate Numerical Modelling)
3.1 Motivation for Experimenting with Mixing in the Campi Flegrei Caldera Magmatic System
3.2 Mixing Experiments with Natural Campi Flegrei Caldera Melts
3.2.1 Taylor-Couette Experiments—Review of Results
3.2.2 Centrifuge Experiments—Review of Results
3.2.3 Chaotic Mixing—Preparing First Experiments with Campi Flegrei Caldera Volcanic Products
3.3 Reproducing Magma Dynamics at Laboratory Conditions – Challenges and Limitations
4 Conclusions and Implications for the Campi Flegrei Caldera System
4.1 A New Chronometer for Unrest Episodes
4.2 Conclusive Remarks
Acknowledgements
Appendix 1 Viscosity Model for Latitic and Shoshonitic Compositions
References
7 Magma Chamber Dynamics at the Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy
Abstract
1 The Magmatic System of the Campi Flegrei Caldera
2 Physical Model for the Campi Flegrei Caldera Magmatic System
2.1 Magma Chamber Processes
2.2 Models of Magma Dynamics
2.3 Modelling the Magmatic System of the Campi Flegrei Caldera
3 Dynamics of Magma Reservoir Processes at the Campi Flegrei Caldera
4 Multi-disciplinary Interpretation of Modelling Results
5 Conclusive Remarks
References
8 The Permanent Monitoring System of the Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Seismic Network
3 The Continuous Global Navigation Satellite System Network
4 The Tiltmeter Network
5 The Permanent Thermal Infrared Imagery Monitoring Network
6 The Geochemical Network
7 Conclusive Remarks
References
9 The Hydrothermal System of the Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Mass and Energy Release at Solfatara
3 Origin of the Solfatara Fluids Based on Fumarole Chemical and Isotopic Composition
4 Temperature–Pressure Estimation Based on Gas Equilibria
5 The Conceptual Geochemical Model and the Deep Resistivity Structure of the Hydrothermal System
6 Evolution of the Hydrothermal System During the Last 40 Years
7 Conclusive Remarks
References
10 Historic Unrest of the Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy
Abstract
1 Background
2 Seismicity at Campi Flegrei Caldera
2.1 The 1970 Seismic Activity
2.2 The 1982–1984 Seismic Activity
2.3 The Seismic Activity Accompanying the Most Recent Mini-Uplift Episodes
2.4 Source Parameters
2.4.1 Earthquake Locations
2.4.2 Focal Mechanisms
2.4.3 Magnitude Statistics
2.4.4 Moment Release Patterns
3 Ground Deformation
3.1 Borehole Strainmeter Observations
3.2 Tiltmeter Observations
4 Conclusive Remarks
References
11 Source Modelling from Ground Deformation and Gravity Changes at the Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Summary of Geodetic and Gravimetric Data
3 Inverse Problem for a Single Source: The 1982–1984 Uplift
3.1 Isotropic Point-Source in a Homogeneous Medium
3.2 Non Isotropic Sources in a Homogeneous Half-Space
3.3 Finite Dimension Sources
4 Role of Medium Heterogeneities
5 Multiple Magmatic Source Models
6 Deflation After 1984 and Mini Uplift Episodes
7 Physical Modelling of the Hydrothermal Instability
8 Multiple Magmatic and Hydrothermal Source
8.1 Interactions Between Magmatic and Hydrothermal Sources
8.2 The Role of a Stable (sim4 km Deep) Sill-Like Source of Strain
9 Conclusive Remarks
References
12 Volcanic Hazard Assessment at the Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Volcanological Outlines
2.1 Post-Neapolitan Yellow Tuff Volcanism
2.1.1 Epoch 1
2.1.2 Epoch 2
2.1.3 Epoch 3
3 Long-Term Assessment of Volcanic Hazard
3.1 Site of a Future Eruption and Vent Opening Probability Maps
3.2 Timing of a Future Eruption
3.3 Size of a Future Eruption
3.4 Style of a Future Eruption
3.4.1 Pyroclastic Fallout Hazard Maps
3.4.2 Pyroclastic Density Currents Hazard Maps
4 Hazards Indirectly Related to Magmatism and Volcanism
5 Short-Term Assessment of Volcanic Hazard
6 Main Outcomes and Future Implications
Acknowledgements
References
13 Landslide Hazard and Risk in the Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Previous Studies
3 Landslides
4 Landslide Hazard and Risk
5 Considerations on Landslide Hazard Mitigation and Risk Reduction
6 Conclusive Remarks
References
14 Building Stones and Technological Materials of the Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Ornamental Stones in Building Constructions
2.1 Lithified Volcanoclastites
2.2 Exploitation and Use
2.3 Petrophysical Properties
2.4 Lava Stones
3 Materials of Technological Relevance
3.1 Zeolite-Rich Tuffs
3.2 Pozzolana
3.2.1 Hydraulic Mortars
3.2.2 Roman Concrete
4 Conclusive Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
15 The Urban Development of Campi Flegrei, Italy
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Urban Development of Campi Flegrei
2.1 From the Earliest Settlement to the Roman Empire
2.2 From the Decline of the Roman Empire to the Monte Nuovo Eruption
2.3 From the Monte Nuovo Eruption to the Beginning of the Industrialisation
2.4 From Beginning of Industrial Times to Present
3 Conclusive Remarks
Acknowledgements
References