This open access book represents a journey documenting the development of tools and methodologies over 3 decades and asks where the future lies. It further develops seminal work carried out under the auspices of the Capacity building in Sustainability and Environmental Management (CapSEM) project co-funded by the EU Erasmus programme from 2016-2019 as well as research projects such as IGLO-MP2020, SUSPRO, and SISVI. It gathers existing paradigms of environmental management within the relevant frameworks which have driven the way in which this discipline has developed. It seeks to both challenge and support the way in which business sectors have approached this previously, with a more holistic and overarching model being provided, moving through four very distinct levels. It therefore provides not only a different approach, but a different way of thinking. Systems thinking is characterized by four levels: Process, Product Value Chain, Organisational and Systemic which combines Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Industrial Ecology (IE) principles. In its practical application, Corporate Social Responsibility, for example, thus becomes an integral part of a much wider business strategy and impacts on all business activity, not added value for its own sake, but a valuable component in a wider toolbox as a fundamental part of any business strategy and plan, changing, flexing and developing over the years.
The book is divided into 4 parts: moving from context and background, to the theoretical model or toolbox, onto its practical application in case studiesandculminates in looking at the future and potential developments. It represents the multi-disciplined collaboration at NTNU and beyond, exemplifying its use in a wealth of business sectors and a range of stakeholders from construction to textiles to wind power as outlined in the European Circular Action Plan.
Author(s): Annik Magerholm Fet
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 268
City: Cham
Foreword by Bjørn K. Haugland
Foreword by Fritz Balkau
Preface
Sustainability and Business Challenges
Acknowledgments
CapSEM Model
Contents
Acronyms
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I: Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities
Chapter 1: Business Challenges in the Transition to Sustainability
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Historical Background
1.1.2 Technology Development and Sustainability
1.1.3 Categorising Environmental Issues
1.1.4 Challenges for Business
1.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: The CapSEM Model
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sustainability and Systems Thinking
2.3 Capacity Building in Sustainability and Environmental Management Model (CapSEM)
2.4 Background to the CapSEM Model
2.4.1 Cleaner Production
2.4.2 Life Cycle Analysis Tools
2.4.3 Classifying Improvements in Environmental Performance
2.5 A Systematic Approach to Using the CapSEM Model
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Sustainable Development Goals and the CapSEM Model
3.1 Sustainable Development Goals
3.2 SDGs and the Three Dimensions of Sustainability
3.3 SDGs and the CapSEM Model
3.4 Conclusion
References
Part II: The Toolbox: Methodologies and Theories
Chapter 4: Input-Output Analysis and Cleaner Production
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Defining Cleaner Production Strategies
4.3 Performing a Cleaner Production Project
4.3.1 Planning and Organisation
4.3.2 Preparation
4.3.3 Assessment Step
4.3.4 Feasibility Analysis Step
4.3.5 Implementation
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Looking Beyond the Factory Gates: Life Cycle Assessment, Supply Chain Management and Design for Environment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Life Cycle Analyses Tools
5.2.1 Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
5.2.2 Life Cycle Screening Tools
5.2.3 Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
5.3 Supply Chain Management
5.3.1 What is Supply Chain Management?
5.3.2 Why is SCM Important for Sustainability?
5.4 Design for the Environment
5.4.1 Background
5.4.2 Methods for DfE
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Communicating Product Life Cycle Performance through Labels and Declarations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Environmental Labels and Declarations
6.2.1 Type I: Environmental Labels
6.2.2 Type II: Environmental Claims by Manufacturers
6.2.3 Type III: Environmental Declarations
6.3 Future Trends: Carbon Footprint of Products (CFP) and Other Hybrid Labels
6.4 Application
6.4.1 Choosing an Approach
6.5 Creating an EPD
6.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Environmental Management Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Environmental Management Systems Background
7.2.1 The PLAN Stage in an EMS
7.2.1.1 Stakeholders
7.2.1.2 Environmental Aspects
7.2.1.3 Environmental Impacts
7.2.1.4 Environmental Improvement Programmes
7.2.2 The DO Stage: Implementation
7.2.3 The CHECK Stage: Monitoring, Verification and Auditing
7.2.4 The ACT Stage: Action for Improvement
7.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Analytical Frameworks, Impact Categories, Indicators and Performance Evaluation
8.1 Sustainability Indicators
8.2 Selecting Indicators: Approaches
8.2.1 Top-Down Approach
8.2.2 Bottom-Up Approach and Environmental Performance Indicators
8.3 Environmental Performance Indicators and Evaluation
8.4 Other Frameworks for Evaluating Sustainability Performance
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Reporting Schemes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Approaches to Reporting
9.3 Sustainability Reporting Schemes
9.3.1 Environmental Reporting
9.3.2 Measuring Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Factors
9.3.3 Corporate Annual Reporting
9.3.4 Reporting for Cities
9.3.5 Examples of Reporting on Sustainability
9.3.5.1 GRI Reporting
9.3.5.2 GHG Protocol
9.3.5.3 UN Global Compact
9.3.5.4 EU Taxonomy
9.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Business Models for Sustainability
10.1 Background
10.2 BMfS Concepts
10.2.1 Business Models
10.2.2 Business Models for Sustainability
10.2.3 Business Model Innovation for Sustainability
10.3 Developing a Business Model for Sustainability
10.3.1 Mapping a Business Model for Sustainability
10.3.2 Business Model for Sustainability Archetypes
10.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Closing the Loop: Industrial Ecology, Circular Economy and Material Flow Analysis
11.1 Industrial Ecology
11.2 Implementing Industrial Ecology Principles in Business
11.3 Closing the Loop: Circular Economy
11.4 Material Flow Analysis
11.4.1 MFA Methodology
11.4.2 MFA Applications
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Systems Engineering
12.1 Background
12.1.1 Definitions
12.1.2 SE Practices
12.2 Description
12.3 Application
12.3.1 Systems Approach for Capacity Planning
12.3.2 Systems Engineering applied to the CapSEM Model
12.3.3 Systems Engineering as an Integrating Framework
12.4 Systems Engineering as a Collaboration Framework
12.5 Conclusion
References
Part III: From Theory to Practice: Case Studies
Chapter 13: Introduction to the Case Studies
13.1 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 14: From Waste to Value: A Story About Life Cycle Management in the Furniture Industry
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Furniture Case Project
14.2.1 Drivers
14.3 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 15: The Role of Public Sector Buyers: Influencing Systemic Change in the Construction Sector
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Construction Sector: Negative Environmental Impacts and Challenges
15.2.1 Opportunities: Functional Buyer-Supplier Ecosystem for Green Public Procurement
15.2.2 Framework for Innovation Oriented Public Procurement (IOPP)
15.2.3 Innovation-Oriented Public Procurement: Framework and Dialogue
15.2.4 Early Market Dialogue for Innovation-Oriented Public Procurement
15.3 Implementation at Global, Regional, National, and City Levels
15.3.1 Global Action and Joint Initiatives by Cities: Members of ICLEI and C40
15.3.2 Regional Action: Scandinavian Green Public Procurement Alliance (SGPPA) and Big Buyers Initiative (BBI)
15.3.3 National Action: Finland Targeting Emissions in the Construction Sector
15.3.4 City Action: Oslo Leads Climate Action for Clean Construction Sites
15.4 Discussion
15.4.1 Top-Down Systemic Change and the CapSEM Toolbox
15.4.2 Linkages to Lower CapSEM Levels and Tools
15.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 16: CapSEM Applied to the Construction Sector
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Implementation
16.3 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 17: Application of Material Flow Analysis: Mapping Plastics Within the Fishing Sector in Norway
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Mapping Plastics from Processes Within Fishing Sector
17.3 Application of MFA in the Context of the Circular Economy and Sustainable Development
17.3.1 Practical Possibilities and Obstacles for Companies for Using MFA
17.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 18: Environmental Management at Fiskerstrand Verft AS: A 30 Year Journey
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Environmental Challenges
18.3 Environmental Management at Fiskerstrand Verft
18.3.1 Level 4: Activities
18.4 Ship Building, Conversions and Repairs
18.5 Development of Green Ship Technology
18.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: A Transportation Planning Decision Support System
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Exploring the Toolbox in the Transportation Sector
19.3 Application to a Transportation Planning Case Study
19.3.1 Using CapSEM Tools to Develop DSS for Transportation Planning
19.3.2 Insights Gained from Model Deployment
19.3.3 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 20: First Steps Towards Sustainable Waste Management
20.1 Introduction: The Historical Development of Waste Management
20.2 Waste Management and Circular Economy
20.3 Waste Policies and Regulations
20.4 Municipal Waste Management in the Ålesund Region
20.5 Applying the CapSEM Model to Local Waste Management
20.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Part IV: The Road Ahead
Chapter 21: Transition to Sustainability
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The CapSEM Model as a Means for Transition
21.3 A Toolbox for Transition to Sustainability
21.4 The CapSEM Model Meets the SDGs
21.5 Mechanisms and Roadmaps
21.6 Stakeholder Collaboration
21.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Helping Business Contribute to a Sustainability Transition: Archetypes of Business Models for Sustainability
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Business Models for Sustainability
22.2.1 Business Model Innovation for Sustainability
22.2.2 Barriers to BMI for Sustainability
22.2.2.1 BMfS Archetypes as a Tool for BMI
22.3 Discussion
22.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: Building Decision Support Systems for Sustainable Transitions
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Decision Support Systems for Sustainable Transitions
23.2.1 Structure and Components of Decision Support Systems
23.2.2 Decision Support Systems for Supporting Transitions to Sustainability
23.3 Discussion
23.3.1 Developing Decision Support Systems for Systems Change: Challenges
23.4 Pathways to Developing Decision Support Systems for Systems Change
23.4.1 Who: Exploring Co-creative Developmental Design
23.4.2 How: Exploring Soft System Thinking and Methodologies
23.4.3 What: Exploring the Potential Transformative Role of DSSs
23.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: The Way Forward
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down Transitions and Transition Instruments
24.3 From Stockholm 1972 to Stockholm +50
24.4 Long-Term Transition to Sustainability
24.4.1 System Change
24.4.2 Radical Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity
24.4.3 Net Positive Leadership
24.4.4 Digitalization for Sustainability
24.4.5 Fair and Inclusive Transitions to Sustainability
24.5 Conclusion
References
