This book is dedicated to all relevant aspects of bulk fill materials and their uses in clinical practice. Today, we count over 30 different bulk fill materials, which can be used in the dental clinic. The composition of bulk fill materials and their different modes of application for moderate to large direct resin restorations placement are explained in this book. It is written by a group of international specialists and allows the reader to evaluate available materials, learn predictable techniques and evaluate long term survival as well as future developments. The book covers all fields related to the history of bulk fill composites, their composition and physical properties, and a step by step guide to their successful clinical applications. Practitioners will find it invaluable as a clinical manual and a good reference book.
Author(s): Joseph Sabbagh, Robert McConnell
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 175
City: Cham
Contents
1: General Introduction
1.1 Dental Resin Composites
1.2 Cavity Design for Posterior Composite Restorations
1.3 Composite Placement
1.4 Bulk Fill Resin Composites
References
2: What Are Bulk Fill (BF) Composites and How Do They Differ from Non-BF Composites?
2.1 What Are Bulk Fill Composites?
2.2 Composition and Microstructure
2.2.1 Organic Phase (Resin Matrix)
2.2.1.1 Conventional Composite Monomer
2.2.1.2 Bulk Fill Monomer Modifications
2.2.2 Inorganic Phase (Fillers)
2.2.2.1 Conventional Composite Fillers
2.2.2.2 Bulk Fill Filler Modifications
2.2.3 Microstructure
2.2.4 Coupling Agent (Silanes)
2.2.4.1 Polymerization Initiation System of Bulk Fill
2.3 Classification of Bulk Fill Composite
2.3.1 According to Viscosity
2.3.1.1 Low Viscosity Bulk Fill
2.3.1.2 High Viscosity Bulk Fill
2.3.2 Modified High Viscosity Bulk Fill
2.3.2.1 Sonically Activated Bulk Fill
2.3.2.2 Thermo-Viscous Bulk Fill
2.3.2.3 Fibre-Reinforced Bulk Fill
2.3.3 Dual Cured Bulk Fill Composite Resin
2.3.4 Clinical Relevance
2.4 Bulk Fill Shades and Depth of Cure
References
3: Bulk Fill Composites: Adhesion and Interfacial Adaptation
3.1 The Evolution of Adhesives
3.1.1 The Acid Etch Technique and Early Dentin Bond
3.1.2 The Single-Bottle Adhesive and Wet Bonding
3.1.3 The Self-Etch Approach
3.2 Bonding Implications for Bulk Fill Composites
3.3 What Adhesive Strategy Should Work for Bulk Fill Composites?
3.4 Curing and Polymerization of the Adhesive
3.5 Adhesion of Bulk-Fill Dual-Cure Composites
3.6 The Issue of a Too Strong Bond
3.7 Conclusion
References
4: What Happens When I Irradiate a BFC?
4.1 Formulation of RBCs
4.1.1 Q1. Photon Penetration into RBCs
4.1.2 Q2. Photons Encounter PI Molecules
4.2 Degree of Conversion
4.3 “Bleaching” of Photo-Initiators and Colour Stability of BF-RBCs
4.4 The Reciprocity Hypothesis
4.5 Shrinkage Phenomena
4.6 Photo-Curing of Highly Filled Systems Following Pre-Heating or Sonication
4.7 Depth of Cure
References
5: How Do I Select and Deploy Light Curing Units for BFC?
5.1 What Are the Older LCU Technologies?
5.2 Selection Principles
5.3 Before Deploying Light
5.3.1 Consider the Diameter of the LCU Tip
5.3.2 Consider the Distance/Angulation of the LCU Tip
5.3.3 Consider Thermal Energy from the LCU and the Polymerization Kinetics
5.4 How Can LCU Performance Be Validated?
5.4.1 Precision Laboratory Methods
5.4.1.1 Top and Bottom Hardness
5.4.1.2 Slotted Moulds to Measure Hardness/Depth Profiles
5.4.2 Simpler Measurements in the Dental Clinic
5.4.3 Developing Photocuring Skills and Good Working Practice
References
6: Physical and Mechanical Properties of BFC’s
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Flexural Strength
6.3 Microhardness and Wear of Bulk Fill RBCs
6.4 Diametral Tensile Strength (DTS)
6.5 Water Sorption
6.6 Differences in Mechanical Properties Between Flowable, Full Body, and Fiber-Reinforced Bulk Fill Composites
6.7 Cytotoxicity
6.8 Clinical Significance
6.9 Conclusions
References
7: Short Fiber Based Filling Composites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biomimetic Dentistry
7.3 Structure and Properties
7.4 Benefits of Using SFRCs as Bulk
7.5 Clinical Use of SFRCs
7.5.1 Clinical Case: everX Posterior
7.5.2 Clinical Case: everX Flow
7.6 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
8: Guidelines for Achieving Aesthetic Posterior Restorations Using BFCs
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bulk Filling Materials
8.3 Finishing and Polishing
8.4 Clinical Application of Bulk Fill Composites
8.5 Conclusion
References
9: Clinical Challenges and Longevity of Bulk-Fill Materials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Criteria for Clinical Evaluation of Restorative Materials
9.3 Clinical Performance of Bulk-Fill Composites
9.3.1 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
9.3.2 Recent Randomized Clinical Trials and Other Clinical Trials
9.3.3 Clinical Challenges of Bulk-Fill Composites
9.3.4 Challenges in Clinical Evaluation of Bulk-Fill Composites
9.4 Conclusions
Appendix 1
Appendix 2: Clinical Examples
References
10: Bulk-Fill Resin Composites: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
10.1 Self-Adhesive Resin-Based Bulk-Fill Materials
10.1.1 Self-Adhesive Resin Composites with Acidic Resin Matrix
10.1.2 Modified Polyacid Systems (MOPOS)
10.2 Ion Release, Bioactive, and Antibacterial Properties of Resin-Based Bulk-Fill Materials
10.2.1 Resin Composites with Alkaline Fillers
10.2.2 Resin Composites with Fluoride-Containing Filler Systems
10.2.3 Resin Composites with Novel/Experimental Filler Systems
10.3 Self-Healing or Crack-Sealing Properties
10.3.1 Urea-Based Capsular Shell Systems
10.3.2 Silanized Silica Microcapsule Systems
10.3.3 Potentials and Limitations of the Current Self-Healing Systems
10.4 Aesthetic Properties
10.5 How to Choose from the Ever-Growing Bulk-Fill Restoratives Available to Practitioners
10.5.1 Choosing Materials in the Same Category
10.5.2 Using Marketing Data
10.5.3 Moving Beyond P-Values
10.5.4 Operator’s Clinical Experience and Expertise
10.6 Summary
References
