This book describes the developmental process of the brain of the medaka fish. It aims to understand the brain structure of vertebrates, including humans, by taking the brain of the medaka fish as an example and showing its actual developmental process. From developmental and evolutionary viewpoints, the understanding of the brain proceeds from simple to complex structures. Fish retain the basic form of vertebrates, and their brain morphology is relatively simple. Therefore, the fish brain is useful in understanding the brain structure. This book is unique for describing the entire process of the brain development in a specific fish. In addition, the book introduces the readers to a new concept of “Hourglass of Brain Morphogenesis”, concerning the general rule of brain morphogenesis in vertebrates. The authors propose that the brain morphology is highly conserved at the middle developmental stage but diverges more extensively at earlier and later stages. The new concept challenges the accepted theory that has been widely shared for about 200 years since K. von Baer (1828, 1837) and K. von Kupffer (1906) who proposed that three primary brain vesicles at earlier developmental stages develop into five secondary brain vesicles at later developmental stages in all vertebrates. The book provides a basic understanding of the vertebrate brain and is useful for all readers who wish to understand the complex structure of the brain.
Author(s): Yuji Ishikawa, Naoyuki Yamamoto, Hanako Hagio
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 262
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
1: Introduction
1.1 Aim of This Book
1.2 Evolution of Nervous System
1.3 Medaka, a Teleost Fish
1.3.1 Teleosts
1.3.2 Medaka
1.3.3 Medaka as an Experimental Animal
1.4 Anatomical Terms
1.4.1 Directions and Positions
1.4.2 Neurons, Fibers, and Nerves
References
2: General Rules of Brain Morphogenesis in Vertebrates: An Hourglass Model
2.1 Classical View of Brain Morphogenesis
2.1.1 Primary and Secondary Brain Vesicles
2.1.2 History of the ``Three Primary Brain Vesicles´´ Theory
2.2 Three Primary Vesicles and Their Fates Are Not Universal in Vertebrates
2.2.1 Recent Studies Based on Modern Methods
2.2.2 Recent Studies Using Histological Methods
2.2.3 A Conclusion from the Survey of Recent Studies
2.3 New Concept of Brain Morphogenesis: An Hourglass Model
References
3: Neural Tube Formation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cleavage, Morula, and Blastula
3.3 Gastrula: Cell Movement and Molecular Prepattern
3.4 Gastrula: Neural Plate and Compartments
3.4.1 Neurulation in Teleosts
3.4.1.1 Neural Plate and Compartments
3.5 Neurula: Neural Keel and Neural Rod
3.5.1 Primary and Secondary Neurulation
3.5.2 Primary Neurulation in Teleosts
3.6 Neural Tube: A Phylotypic Stage
3.6.1 Neurocoel Formation in Teleosts
3.6.2 Ventricular Systems in Mammals and Teleosts
3.6.3 Phylotypic Stage
References
4: Subdivisions of Neural Tube Along the Dorsoventral Axis
4.1 Dorsoventral Subdivisions of Neural Tube
4.1.1 Dorsoventral Subdivisions by Wilhelm His
4.1.2 Ventralization and Dorsalization Signals
4.1.3 Dorsoventral Subdivisions in Medaka Neural Tube
4.2 Evolutional Changes in the Dorsal Subdivision
4.2.1 Various External Forms of Teleost Brains
4.2.2 Possible Reasons Why Variations Occurred
4.2.3 Possible Reasons How Variations Occurred
References
5: Subdivisions of Neural Tube along the Rostrocaudal Axis: Neuromeric Models
5.1 Transverse Subdivisions of Neural Tube
5.1.1 Transverse Subdivisions of Medaka Neural Tube
5.1.2 Tissue Compartments and Local Signaling Centers
5.2 Rostral Regions and Flexure of Neural Tube
5.2.1 Telencephalon and Diencephalon
5.2.2 Flexure and Rotation of Medaka Neural Tube
5.2.3 Rotation of Medaka Optic Vesicles
5.2.4 Rostral Regions of Medaka Neural Tube
5.3 Prosomeric Model of Vertebrate Neural Tubes
References
6: Left-Right Patterning of Neural Tube
6.1 Left-Right Asymmetry in Body
6.1.1 Development of Fixed Asymmetry in Embryonic Body
6.1.2 Nodal Cilia and Fixed Asymmetry
6.2 Structures of Medaka Epithalamus
6.2.1 Epithalamus and Circumventricular Organs
6.2.2 Pineal Complex
6.2.3 Habenular Region and Left-Right Asymmetry
6.3 Development of Fixed Asymmetry in Medaka Epithalamus
6.3.1 Development of Left-Sided Laterality in Epithalamus
6.3.2 Incorporation of Parapineal into Left Habenula
6.3.3 Nodal Pathway Genes and Epithalamic Laterality
6.3.4 Temperature Effects on Brain Asymmetry and Significance of Laterality
6.4 Maintenance of Bilateral Symmetry of Medaka Neural Tube
6.4.1 Phenotype of a Medaka Mutant (One-Sided Optic Tectum, Oot)
6.4.2 Expression of fgf8 in the Isthmus of the Mutant
References
7: Ventriculo-Pial Patterning of Neural Tube
7.1 Neural Stem Cell
7.1.1 Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
7.1.2 Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis: Dualism or Monism?
7.2 Differentiation and Migration of Neurons
7.3 Histogenesis in Mammalian Cerebral Cortex
7.3.1 Cerebral Cortex
7.3.2 Histogenesis in Isocortex
7.4 Apoptosis in Developing Neural Tube
References
8: Development of Neural Circuits in Neural Tube
8.1 Overview of Development of Neural Circuits
8.1.1 Neural Circuits
8.1.2 Overview of Axonogenesis in Medaka Embryos
8.2 First Set of Longitudinal Tracts in Early Period
8.3 Longitudinal and Transverse Tracts in Middle Period
8.4 Telencephalic Tract and Two Commissures at Stage 25
8.5 Dorsal Longitudinal Tracts and Newly Added Tracts in Late Period
8.6 Basic Neural Circuits and Embryonic Behaviors
References
9: From Neural Tube to Larval Brain: Blood Vessels and Proliferative Zones
9.1 Vascular System in Medaka Embryos and Larvae
9.1.1 Early Blood Vessels in Embryonic Body
9.1.2 Blood Vessels in Embryonic Brain
9.1.3 Blood Vessels in Larval Brain
9.2 Cell Proliferation Zones in Rostral Neural Tube
9.2.1 Cell Proliferation Zones in Embryonic Neural Tube
9.2.2 Cell Proliferation Zones in Larval Brain
References
10: Development of Telencephalon
10.1 Telencephalic Structures and Pallial Subdivisions in Teleosts
10.1.1 Telencephalic Structures in Teleosts
10.1.2 Problems in Simple Eversion Theory
10.2 Early Development of Telencephalon
10.2.1 Divisions of Telencephalic Primordium
10.2.2 Telencephalic Neurons and Beginning of Eversion
10.2.3 Telencephalic Proliferation Zones and Eversion
10.3 Cell Migration and Cell-Mass Formation in Late Embryos
10.4 Telencephalon at Hatching Stage
10.4.1 Cell Masses in the Larval Telencephalon
10.4.2 Recipient Area of Secondary Olfactory Fibers
References
11: Development of Diencephalon, Optic Tectum, and Cerebellum
11.1 Development of Diencephalon
11.1.1 Diencephalic Structures in Teleosts
11.1.2 Medial Diencephalon
11.1.3 Corpus Glomerulosum System in Lateral Diencephalon
11.1.4 Preglomerular Nuclear Complex in Lateral Diencephalon
11.1.5 Hypothalamus in Embryos and Larvae
11.1.6 Serotoninergic Neurons in Hypothalamus
11.2 Development of Optic Tectum in Mesencephalon
11.2.1 Mesencephalic Structures in Teleosts
11.2.2 Development of Optic Tectum
11.3 Development of Cerebellum
11.3.1 Cerebellar Structures in Teleosts
11.3.2 Cerebellar Development and Valvula Cerebelli
11.3.3 Cerebellar Development and Caudal Mesencephalic Wall
11.3.4 Cell Proliferation Zones and Development of Cerebellum
References
12: Nervous System in Medaka Larvae
12.1 Overview of Brain and Spinal Cord
12.2 Overview of Peripheral Nervous System
12.2.1 Cranial Nerves
12.2.1.1 Olfactory Nerve and Optic Nerve
12.2.1.2 Cranial Nerves Innervating Extraocular Muscles
12.2.1.3 Preotic Group: Trigeminal Nerve and Facial Nerve
12.2.1.4 Octavus Nerve
12.2.1.5 Postotic Group: Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Vagal Nerve
12.2.1.6 Lateral Line Nerves
12.2.2 Spinal Nerves
12.3 Brain Atlas of Medaka Larvae
References
13: From Larval Brain to Adult Brain and Summary of Telencephalic Ontogenesis
13.1 Larvae, Juveniles, and Immature Fish
13.2 Conservative Brain Regions
13.3 Development of Larval Diencephalon
13.4 Development of Larval Telencephalon
13.4.1 Pallial Elongation and Positional Changes of Olfactory Bulb
13.4.2 Caudal Growth of Telencephalon and Telencephalic Efferent Fibers
13.4.3 Differentiation of Cell Masses and Ventriclular Extension
13.4.4 Summary of Telencephalic Ontogenesis
References
14: Adult Brain and General Brain Functions
14.1 Adult Medaka Brain
14.1.1 Medaka Brain
14.1.2 Cell Proliferation Zones in Adult CNS
14.1.3 Brain Similarity Revealed by Evolutionary Neuroscience
14.2 General Brain Functions
14.2.1 A Simple Functional Model
14.2.2 Hierarchical Organization of CNS
14.2.3 Cognitive Ability and Uniqueness of Human Brain Functions
14.2.4 A Four- or Five-Systems-Network Model
14.3 Reproductive Behavior in Medaka
14.3.1 Reproductive and Non-reproductive States
14.3.2 Spawning Behavior
References
15: Functional Neuroanatomy of Teleost Brains
15.1 Sensory System in Teleosts
15.1.1 Olfactory System
15.1.2 Visual System
15.1.3 Auditory and Lateral Line Systems
15.1.4 Gustatory System
15.1.5 General Visceral Sensory System
15.1.6 General Somatosensory System
15.2 Motor System in Teleosts
15.2.1 Final Common Pathways
15.2.2 Motor Centers
15.2.3 Central Pattern Generator and Initiator
15.2.4 Descending Pathways from the Telencephalon
15.3 State Control System in Teleosts
15.3.1 Two-Stage Sleep
15.3.2 Reproductive Behavior System
15.4 Cognitive System in Teleosts
15.4.1 Memory, Learning, and Spatial Cognition
15.4.2 Self and Individual Recognition, and Face Inversion Effect
15.4.3 Collaborative Abilities, Tool Use, and Other Intellectual Behaviors
15.4.4 Presence of Neocortical Equivalents in Teleosts?
References
Index
