Bone Cell Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Bone Diseases

Front Cover
Bone Cell Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Bone Diseases
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Basic knowledge and research methods
Chapter 1: Basic knowledge and research methods
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Bone structure and its cellular component
1.2.1. Bone matrix
1.2.2. Bone marrow
1.2.3. Periosteum
1.2.4. Blood vessel, lymphatic vessel, and nerve innervation of bone
1.2.4.1. Blood vessel of the bone
1.2.4.2. Lymphatic vessel of bone
1.2.4.3. Nerve innervation of bone
1.2.5. Cell components
1.2.5.1. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
1.2.5.2. Preosteoblasts
1.2.5.3. Osteoblasts
1.2.5.4. Osteocytes
1.2.5.5. Osteoclasts
1.3. Cartilage structure and its cellular component
1.3.1. Cartilage stroma
1.3.1.1. Chondrocytes
1.3.1.2. Perichondrium
1.3.1.3. Chondrogenesis, growth, and degeneration
1.3.2. Articular cartilage
1.3.2.1. The structure and function of articular cartilage
1.3.2.2. Nutrition of the articular cartilage
1.3.2.3. Degeneration and repair of articular cartilage
1.4. Bone mechanobiology
1.4.1. Physiological response of bone under mechanical stimulation
1.4.2. Physiological response of cartilage under mechanical stimulation
1.5. Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Methods and models of bone cell mechanobiology
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Methods and models of bone cell mechanobiology study in vitro
2.2.1. Fluid shear stress (FSS) in bone cell mechanobiology
2.2.2. Mechanical stretch in bone cell mechanobiology
2.2.3. Hydrostatic compressive force in bone cell mechanobiology
2.2.4. Vibration in bone cell mechanobiology
2.2.5. Mechanical unloading microgravity in bone cell mechanobiology
2.2.5.1. Superconducting magnet
2.2.5.2. Clinostat
2.2.5.3. Random position machine (RPM)
2.2.6. Hydrogel stiffness in bone cell mechanobiology
2.3. Methods and models of bone cell mechanobiology study in vivo
2.3.1. Three-point bending
2.3.2. Vibration
2.3.3. Exercise
2.3.3.1. Treadmill
2.3.3.2. Swimming
2.3.4. Hindlimb unloading (HLU)
2.3.5. Immobilization
2.3.6. Bedrest
2.4. Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: The whole bone mechanical properties and modeling study
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Mechanical properties of cortical bone
3.2.1. Basic variables and values
3.2.2. Strength of cortical bone
3.2.3. Youngs modulus/modulus of elasticity
3.2.4. Micro and nanoscale property of cortical bone
3.3. Mechanical property of trabecular bone
3.3.1. Trabecular bone structure and mechanical property
3.3.2. Strength of trabecular bone
3.3.3. Youngs modulus of trabecular bone
3.3.4. Micromechanical property and structure of trabecular tissue
3.4. Three-dimensional bone models and techniques in biomechanics
3.5. Finite element analysis (FEM) for bone analysis
3.5.1. Meshing
3.5.2. Boundary condition
3.5.3. Boundary condition and mesh
3.6. Methods for biomimetic study
3.6.1. Biomimetics
3.6.2. Multiscale modeling
3.6.3. Homogenization
3.6.4. Top-down method
3.6.5. Bottom-up method
3.7. Development of representative volume element
3.7.1. Honeycomb composite
3.7.1.1. Honeycomb-swashplate model
3.7.1.2. Spherical honeycomb
3.7.2. Nacre
3.7.3. Euplectella aspergillum (sea sponge)
3.7.3.1. Stiff walled model
3.7.3.2. Cubic lattice
3.7.4. Spider silk fiber
3.7.5. Comparison of biomimetic structures
3.8. Modeling and fracture analysis of bone and applications
3.9. Femur bone modeling and meshing
3.10. Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Part II: Bone cell mechanobiology
Chapter 4: Mechanobiology of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs)
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs)
4.2.1. BM-MSCs characteristics
4.2.2. BM-MSCs function
4.3. Mechanical stimulation of BM-MSCs
4.3.1. The effect of mechanical loading on differentiation of BM-MSCs
4.3.2. The effect of mechanical unloading on differentiation of BM-MSCs
4.4. Mechanism of BM-MSCs mechanotransduction
4.4.1. Extracellular matrix-integrin-cytoskeleton system
4.4.2. Ion channel
4.4.3. Primary cilia
4.4.4. Signaling pathways
4.5. Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Mechanobiology of osteoblast
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Osteoblast
5.2.1. Osteoblast characteristics
5.2.2. Osteoblast function
5.3. Mechanical stimulation of osteoblast
5.3.1. The effect of mechanical loading on osteoblast
5.3.2. The effect of mechanical unloading on osteoblast
5.4. Mechanism of osteoblast mechanotransduction
5.4.1. Mechanical sensitive molecules
5.4.2. Signaling pathways
5.5. Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Mechanobiology of osteoclast
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Osteoclast characteristics
6.3. Mechanical stimuli of osteoclast
6.3.1. FSS in osteoclast mechanobiology
6.3.2. Vibration in osteoclast mechanobiology
6.3.3. Mechanical Stretch in osteoclast mechanobiology
6.3.4. Compressive force in osteoclast mechanobiology
6.3.5. Mechanical unloading microgravity in osteoclast mechanobiology
6.4. Osteoclast mechanotransduction
6.5. Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: Mechanobiology of osteocytes
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Osteocytes
7.2.1. Osteocyte characteristics
7.2.2. Osteocyte function
7.3. Mechanical stimulation of osteocytes
7.3.1. Lacunar-canalicular system in osteocyte mechanobiology
7.3.2. In vivo stimulation of osteocyte
7.4. Mechanisms of osteocyte mechanotransduction
7.4.1. Mechanosensing complexes
7.4.2. Temporal responses of osteocyte mechanotransduction
7.4.3. Signaling pathways in osteocyte mechanotransduction
7.4.4. Altered osteocyte mechanotransduction in various diseases
7.5. Conclusions and future studies
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: Mechanobiological crosstalk among bone cells and between bone and other organs
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Subcellular structural basis for mechanosensing and cell communication in bone
8.2.1. Ion channels
8.2.2. Integrins
8.2.3. Cytoskeleton
8.2.4. Focal adhesions
8.2.5. Primary cilium
8.2.6. G protein-coupled receptors
8.2.7. Osteocytes and the lacunar-canalicular network
8.2.8. Other structures for mechanosensing
8.3. Mechanotransduction between adjacent osteocytes: Immobilized, but active mechanosensitive orchestrator
8.3.1. Generation of primary biochemical-coupling signals by osteocytes
8.3.2. Intercellular transmission of biochemical-coupling signals to adjacent osteocytes
8.4. Mechanotransduction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
8.5. Mechanotransduction among osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
8.5.1. Crosstalk between osteocytes and osteoblasts
8.5.2. Crosstalk between osteocytes and osteoclasts
8.5.3. Crosstalk among osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
8.6. Mechanotransduction between bone and other organs
8.6.1. Osteocyte signaling to kidneys in regulation of phosphate homeostasis
8.6.2. Osteocyte-muscle crosstalk
8.6.3. Osteocyte-cancer crosstalk
8.7. Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 9: Mechanobiology of the articular chondrocyte
9.1. Introduction
9.2. The biomechanical microenvironment of the chondrocyte
9.2.1. The mechanical cues in the pericellular matrix
9.2.1.1. Matrix stiffness
9.2.1.2. Matrix viscoelasticity
9.2.1.3. Matrix topography
9.2.2. Recapitulation of the mechanical microenvironment
9.2.2.1. Engineering strategies
9.2.3. The implication of mechanical microenvironment in tissue engineering
9.3. Biomechanical characterization of a single chondrocyte
9.3.1. Mechanical behaviors of single cells
9.3.2. Measurements of single cell mechanics
9.3.2.1. Atomic force microscopy
9.3.2.2. Micropipette aspiration technique
9.3.3. The mechanical behavior of the chondrocyte
9.3.3.1. The viscoelastic properties of normal and osteoarthritic chondrocytes
9.3.3.2. Matrix stiffness regulates the biomechanical properties of chondrocytes
9.3.3.3. Geometry regulates the mechanical properties of chondrocytes
9.3.3.4. Hypo-osmotic loading regulates the mechanical behavior of chondrocytes
9.4. Mechanosensitive channels are involved in mechanotransduction
9.4.1. TRPV4/PIEZOs in chondrocytes
9.4.1.1. Activation mechanisms for TRPV4/PIEZO channels
9.4.2. TRPV4/PIEZOs mediate mechanical strain
9.4.2.1. TRPV4/PIEZOs are involved in osteoarthritic pathogenesis
9.4.3. TRPV4/PIEZO mediate chondrocyte sensing matrix physical properties
9.4.3.1. Chondrocytes sense substrate stiffness
9.4.3.2. Chondrocytes sense matrix geometry
9.5. Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Part III: Bone biomechanics and bone diseases
Chapter 10: Bone cell mechanobiology and bone disease
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Bone cell mechanobiology and osteoporosis
10.2.1. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell mechanobiology and osteoporosis
10.2.2. Osteoblast mechanobiology and osteoporosis
10.2.3. Osteoclast mechanobiology and osteoporosis
10.2.4. Osteocyte mechanobiology and osteoporosis
10.3. Bone cell mechanobiology and scoliosis
10.3.1. Mechanobiology of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and scoliosis
10.3.2. Osteoblast mechanobiology and scoliosis
10.3.3. Osteoclast mechanobiology and scoliosis
10.3.4. Osteocyte mechanobiology and scoliosis
10.4. Chondrocyte mechanobiology and osteoarthritis
10.5. Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Biomechanics in clinical application for bone diseases
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Abnormal bone biomechanics involved in bone diseases
11.2.1. Bone fracture biomechanics
11.2.1.1. Bone fracture under tensile load
11.2.1.2. Bone fracture under compressive load
11.2.1.3. Bone fracture under bending load
11.2.1.4. Bone fracture under shear load
11.2.1.5. Bone fracture under torsional load
11.2.1.6. Bone fracture under composite load
11.2.2. Spinal diseases biomechanics
11.2.2.1. Cervical spondylosis
11.2.2.2. Spine deformity
11.2.3. Osteoarthritis biomechanics
11.2.4. Osteoporosis biomechanics
11.2.5. Rickets and osteomalacia biomechanics
11.2.6. Osteosclerosis biomechanics
11.2.7. Osteogenesis imperfecta biomechanics
11.3. Therapeutic strategies for bone diseases by using mechanical stimuli
11.3.1. Mechanical stimuli of bone fracture
11.3.1.1. Type of bone fracture fixation
11.3.1.2. Bone fracture healing mechanism
11.3.1.3. Mechanical environment of bone fracture healing
11.3.1.4. Additional mechanical stimuli after bone fracture fixation
11.3.2. Vibration training
11.3.2.1. Types of vibration training
11.3.2.2. Treatment parameters and efficacy
11.3.3. Ultrasound therapy
11.3.3.1. Types of ultrasound
11.3.3.2. Treatment parameters and efficacy
11.3.4. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy
11.3.4.1. Treatment parameters and efficacy
11.3.5. Magnetic therapy
11.3.5.1. Types of magnetic field
11.3.5.2. Treatment parameters and efficacy
11.3.6. Massage therapy
11.3.6.1. Types of massage techniques and treatment scope
11.3.6.2. Therapeutic effects in bone diseases
11.4. Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Part IV: New technologies for bone disease
Chapter 12: New technologies for bone diseases
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Artificial intelligence
12.2.1. Artificial intelligence in medical research
12.2.2. Application of AI in bone diseases
12.2.2.1. Application of AI in osteoporosis
12.2.2.2. Application of AI in bone tumor diseases
12.2.2.3. Application of AI in osteoarthritis
12.2.2.4. Fracture
12.2.2.5. Spine-related diseases
12.3. Single-cell sequencing
12.3.1. Introduction of single-cell sequencing
12.3.1.1. Comprehensive decomposition and clustering of single cells
12.3.1.2. The proposed timing analysis
12.3.1.3. Divide into subclusters
12.3.2. Application of single-cell sequencing in bone cell
12.3.3. Application of single-cell sequencing in bone diseases
12.3.3.1. Osteoarthritis (OA)
12.3.3.2. Osteoporosis
12.3.3.3. Fractures
12.3.3.4. Osteocytoma
12.4. Genome-wide association study
12.4.1. The introduction of genome-wide association study
12.4.2. The research of bone diseases susceptibility genes based on GWAS
12.4.3. Multiomics study for interpretation of GWAS in bone disease genes
12.5. Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Abbreviations
Index
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