Biosensors for the Marine Environment: Present and Future Challenges

Series Preface
Preface
Contents
Biosensors for the Marine Environment: Introduction
1 Introduction
2 Challenges
3 Components of a Biosensor
4 The Future of Marine Sensing
References
Microgravity Changes Membrane Properties and Triggers Bioluminescence in Pyrocystis noctiluca as an Approach for New Biosensor...
1 Introduction
2 Results
3 Discussion
4 Material and Methods
References
Addressing Ciguatera Risk Using Biosensors for the Detection of Gambierdiscus and Ciguatoxins
1 Introduction
2 Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa Global Distribution with Particular Focus on the Mediterranean and Macaronesian Regions
3 Ciguatoxins
4 Methods for Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa Detection
5 Methods for Ciguatoxin Detection
6 Biosensors
6.1 Biosensors for the Detection of DNA from Gambierdiscus
6.2 Biosensors for the Detection of Ciguatoxins
6.2.1 Detection of Ciguatoxins in Fish Samples
6.2.2 Detection of Ciguatoxins in Microalgae Samples
7 Conclusions
References
Antibody, Aptamer and Affimer-Based Affinity Tools for Marine Toxin Biosensing
1 Introduction: Overview of Affinity Tools and Marine Toxin Detection
2 Harmful Marine Toxins
3 The Use of Affimer, Aptamer and Antibody-Based Systems to Detect Marine Toxins
4 Discussion
References
Environmental DNA as a Tool for Single Species Detection
1 Introduction
2 eDNA Acquisition
2.1 eDNA Acquisition Devices
3 Molecular Assay Development
3.1 PCR-Based Detection
3.1.1 Conventional PCR (cnPCR)
3.1.2 Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
3.1.3 Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR)
3.2 Isothermal Detection
3.2.1 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
3.2.2 Recombinase Polymerase Amplification
3.2.3 CRISPR-Cas Detection
3.3 Molecular Assay Requirements
4 Detection Modes
4.1 Colourimetry
4.2 Lateral Flow
4.3 Fluorescence
5 Biosensor Devices
5.1 Portable Devices
5.2 Remote and Autonomous Systems
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Paper-Based Devices for Virus Detection in Water
1 Introduction
2 Basic of Paper-Based Devices
2.1 Substrate Materials
2.2 Fabrication Methods
3 Analytical Method for Virus Detection
3.1 Culture Method
3.2 Biochemical Test and Immune Assay
3.3 Molecular Method
4 Engineering Assay Onto Paper-Based Devices for Virus Detection
4.1 Norovirus
4.2 SARS-CoV-2
4.3 Zika Virus
4.4 Influenza Virus
5 Paper-Based Devices for Point-of-Use Detection in Water Matrix
5.1 Drinking Water
5.2 Surface Water
5.3 Wastewater
5.4 Seawater
6 Conclusions and Future Outlooks
References
Electrochemical MIP Sensors for Environmental Analysis
1 Introduction
2 The Concept of Electrochemical MIP Sensors
2.1 Chemical vs. Electrochemical MIP Synthesis
2.2 Configurations of MIP Sensors and Electrochemical Readout
3 Electrochemical MIP Sensors for Environmental Analysis
3.1 Binding MIPs for Low-Molecular-Weight Analytes
3.2 Catalytically Active MIPs
3.3 Reloadable Enzyme-MIP Sensors (for Inhibitors)
4 Conclusions
References
Whole-Cell Biosensors and Phagocytosis with Cryo-Conserved Cells in Coastal Areas and in Orbit (ISS) Under Microgravity
1 Introduction
2 Marine Effects Monitoring and the Biomarker Phagocytosis: Preparation of Mussel Hemocytes for Immunological Sensing
3 Cryo-Conservation of Mussel Hemocytes for Bioreactors and the Whole-Cell Biosensor Containments
4 Reconstitution of Hemocytes and Viability
5 Phagocytosis: Endpoint Measurement by Fluorescence and Freshly Collected Hemocytes
6 Phagocytosis: Endpoint Measurement by Luminescence and Cryo-Conservated Hemocytes
7 Cryo-Conservation and Hemocytes Under Altered Gravity
8 Flight Hardware and AEC Robot System in Extreme Environments
9 Return Samples from ISS and Ground Reference Samples
10 AEC, Bioreactor, and Whole-Cell Biosensor in Extreme Environments
11 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Marine Whole-Cell Biosensing for ``Real-Time´´ Determination of the Ballast Water Treatment Efficiency
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 RV METEOR Cruise
2.1.1 Independent Measurements Performed at NIOZ
2.2 bbe 10cells
2.3 Use of bbe 10 Cells to Test the Performance of Ballast Water Management Systems
2.3.1 UV Treatment Using the BWMS of Cathelco
2.3.2 UV Laboratory Tests
2.3.3 Chlorination Laboratory Tests
3 Results
3.1 RV METEOR Cruise and NIOZ Test Measurements
3.1.1 Linearity
3.1.2 Accuracy and Precision
3.2 UV Treatment Efficacies
3.3 Laboratory Testing
3.3.1 UV Laboratory Tests
3.3.2 Chlorination
4 Conclusions and Discussion
4.1 RV Meteor Cruise and NIOZ Test Results
4.2 Cathelco UV Tests
4.3 Laboratory Testing
4.3.1 UV Lab Tests
4.3.2 Chlorination
References
Sensors for Monitoring Faecal Indicator Bacteria in Bathing Waters
1 Introduction
2 Bathing Water Legislation
3 Predictive Models
4 Analytical Methods and Sensors for Faecal Indicator Bacteria
4.1 Enzyme-Based Methods for FIB
5 Commercially Available Faecal Pollution Technologies
5.1 Bench-Top Systems
5.2 Automated Systems
5.3 Field Test Kits
6 Analytical Performance of Rapid Enzymatic Methods
6.1 Relationship Between Enzyme Activity and Faecal Indicator Bacteria
7 Discussion
8 Conclusions
References
Electrochemical (Bio)sensors for Toxins Control in the Marine Environment
1 Introduction
2 Emerging Marine Toxins: Source, Classification, and Legislation
3 Analysis of Marine Toxins: The Case of Electrochemical Biosensors
4 Immunosensors
5 Aptasensors, Enzymatic Biosensors, and MIP Sensors
6 Conclusions
References