Biopolitics and Shock Economy of COVID-19: Medical Perspectives and Socioeconomic Dynamics

Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
An Introduction to Biopolitics and Shock Economy of COVID-19: Medical Perspectives and Socioeconomic Dynamics
References
Part I: Medical and Pandemic Overview of COVID-19
Medical Perspective on COVID-19
Introduction
Historical Views and Theories of Infectious Diseases
Epidemiology
Human Coronaviruses (hCoVs)
SARS-CoV-2 Virion Structure
Viral Entry
Life Cycle
Transmission Mode
Immunology
Immune Response Against Viruses
Immunology
Immune Response Against Viruses
Immune Response in COVID-19 Patients, SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Evasion of Host Immune Responses
SARS-CoV-2 Origin
SARS-COV-2 Variants
Clinical Characteristics
Signs and Symptoms
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Radiological Features
Pulmonary Findings
Musculoskeletal and Soft Tissue Findings
Histopathological Findings in Autopsy or Endoscopic Specimens
Prognostic Value of Clinical and Laboratory Parameters
COVID-19 Complications and Long-Term Effects
COVID-19 Clinical Trials
Isolation, Quarantine, and Social Distancing
COVID-19 Risk Factors and Vulnerable Populations
People with Preexisting Conditions, the Elderly, and Others
Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women and Neonates
Children and Adolescents
Lower Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Ethnic Minorities
Medical Insurance
Death Tolls Among Different Nations
Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management
Artificial Intelligence and Other Technology Applications
Research, Education, and Clinical Lessons Learned
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Advances in the Application of Geospatial Technology in the Mitigation of COVID-19 Pandemic
Introduction
GIS as an Integrated System for the Assessment and Response to the Pandemic
GIS Aided Regional/Community Risk Evaluation of COVID-19
GIS Software-Based Risk Evaluation of COVID-19
Geospatial Mapping Using Dashboards Across Continents and Countries
Geospatial Modelling of the Spread of the Disease
Geospatial Time Series Forecast of the Pandemic
Geospatial Modelling of COVID-19 Medical Facilities
Geospatial Location-Allocation of Resources
ArcGIS Indoors Building Level Assessment Tool
Smart Airport Geospatial Response Strategies
Geospatial Mobile Contact Tracing Technologies
Limitations of Geospatial Technology
Conclusion
References
The Ontological Nature and Cause of COVID-19: A Philosophical Analysis
Introduction
Understanding the Causes of Things in the Natural World
The Material Cause
The Formal Cause
The Efficient Cause
The Final Cause
Privation as a Factor in Change
Evil as Privation
COVID-19 as a Privation of Some Good in a Being or Nature of a Being
Conclusion
References
Part II: COVID-19 Shock and Socio-Economy
Digital Transformation: Prior to and Following the Pandemic
Introduction
Systematic Review Approach
Effects of DT on Different Organizations
Implementation of DT in Different Sectors Prior to the Pandemic
Post-Pandemic and Digital Transformation
Characteristics of Different Organizations Transferring to Digital
Discussion
Conclusion
References
The Sociocultural and Economic Barriers to Self-Care Culture for COVID-19 Control in Developing Societies: The Case of Iran
Introduction
Concepts and Theories
Determinants of Behavior
Theories of Health Care and Illness
Culture, Self-Care, and Other Care
Rational Thought and Behavior
Lifestyle and Social and Cultural Capitals
Tradition and Modernization
The Consequences of Modernization for Human Life
Development and Health Condition
Method
Barriers to Self-Care Culture
The Short-Term Barriers: Economic Factors
Micro-economic Barriers
Malnutrition
Lack of Financial Ability to Use Health-Care and Self-Care Facilities
Lack of Living Facilities Such as Housing and Proper Clothing
The Work Time in Epidemiological Conditions
Macro-economic Factors
Economic Poverty and Lack of Welfare Facilities
Economic Recession and Inflation
The Medium-Term Barriers: Social Factors
Micro-social Factors
Weakness of Education and Socialization
Unstable Job Conditions
Macro-social Barriers
Social Inequality in the Distribution of Living and Health Facilities
Lack of Attention to Prevention and Promoted Programs of Macro-health Policies
Weakness of Social Organization
Family Size in Less Developed Areas
The Long-Term Barriers: Cultural Attitudes About Health
Micro-cultural Barriers
The Poverty of Knowledge and Living Awareness
Self-Medication Belief
Self-Healthy Imagination and Misunderstanding of Disease Risks
Social Indifference and Social Irresponsibility
Macro-cultural Barriers
Fate-Orientation (Fatalism)
The Weakness of Preventive Insight and Having a Post-Occurrence Therapeutic View
Application of Common Senses and Vulgar Medicine
Low Social Trust
Social Traps
Traditional Habitus in Health Care
Conclusion and Discussion
References
The COVID-19-Induced Transaction Cost Suggests Considerable Cost Effectiveness Resulting from the Prevalence of Universal Health Care in the United States
Introduction
Background of COVID-19 in New York State
The Transaction Cost of Health-Care Systems in the Current Literature
Economic Transaction Costs
Transaction Cost Theoretical Framework
Transaction Cost Model
Simple Transaction Cost Model
Travel Nurse Data, 2019 and 2020
Real-World Application of the Simple Model
Simple Model Scale-Up Test
Data Findings
Policy Implications of the Result
Post-COVID-19 Consideration of Preemptive and Preventive Actions
Conclusion
References
Assessing the Social Support and Resilience of the Inhabitants of Marginalized Communities amid COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Shiraz Metropolis Case Study
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Marginalized
Marginalization in the World
Marginalization in Iran
Marginalization and Coronavirus
Literature Review
Methodology
Results
Analysis of Social Support Status and Its Dimensions
Analysis of Social Support Status Based on Contextual Variables
Age
Gender (Table 5)
Marital Status
Number of Children
Level of Education
Job
Income
Resilience Status Analysis
Analysis of Resilience Status Based on Contextual Variables
Age
Gender (Table 22)
Marital Status (Table 23)
Number of Children (Table 24)
Level of Education
Job
Income
The Relationship Between the Dimensions of Social Support and the Resilience of Marginalized Inhabitants in the COVID-19 Crisis
The Relationship Between Social Support and Resilience
Recommendations
Discussion and Conclusion
Research Limitations
References
How the Pandemic Crisis May Affect Economic Systems: A Study on the Nexus Between COVID-19 and Entrepreneurial Activities
Introduction
Objective of This Study
Economic Resilience
Economic Resilience and Entrepreneurship
Methodology
Economic Resilience and TEA
Economic Resilience and Established Business
Economic Resilience and Entrepreneurship Intention
Economic Resilience and Entrepreneurial Innovation
Results and Discussion
Overview
Conclusion
References
Index