This book basically involves the study of flight parameters, wing beat frequency, moment of inertia, and wing movements for developing various aerodynamic forces which have been calculated. The book is intended for biologists, physicists, nanotechnologists, and aerospace engineers. Resilin, an elastic polymer (4 λ) which is present at the base of insect, plays a major role in Neurogenic and Myogenic insect flyers and influences the physiology of flight muscles. Leading edge vortex (LEV) is a special feature of insect flight. Insect wings have stalling angle above 60 degrees as compared to a man-made aeroplane stalling angle which is 16 degree. Reynolds number, the knowledge of LEV, and detailed study of moment of inertia help in developing flapping flexible wings for micro-aerial-vehicles. This book serves as an interface between biologists and engineers interested to develop biomimicking micro-aerial-vehicles. The contents of this book is useful to researchers and professionals alike.
Author(s): N. Chari, Prasad Mukkavilli, Laxminarayana Parayitam
Series: Springer Series in Biophysics, 22
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 224
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
Contributors
1 Introduction
Introduction
General Characters
Morphological Features
Wings
Respiration
Flight Apparatus
Anatomy
Reference
2 Flight a Retrospect a Brief Review
Review of Literature
Recent Findings
Summary
References
3 Aerodynamic Considerations
Introduction
Modes of Insect Flight
The Principle of Lift and Thrust Generation by Flapping Wings
Lift and Drag Coefficients
Lift-Enhancing Mechanisms in Insect Flight
Aerodynamics of Insect Flight
The Governing Equations for an Insect Flight
Resilin
Actuator Disc Concept (Disc Area Concept)
Actuator Disc Model for Flapping Flight
Prandtl's Vortex System
Summary
References
4 Flight Morphology and Flight Muscles
Introduction
Structure of Thorax and Wing Morphology
The Vein
Wing Venation [3]
Wing Joints
Wing Muscles
Direct Muscles
Indirect Muscles
Wing Coupling, Folding and Wing Movements
Flight Parameters
Some Useful Definitions
Insect Flight Muscles
Summary
References
5 Types of Textures in Insect Wings and Classification
Introduction
Orthoptera
Blatteria
Isoptera
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera (Heteroptera)
Homoptera
Lepidoptera
Coleoptera
Hymenoptera
Diptera
Neuroptera
Summary
Reference
6 Theories on Hovering Flight of Insects
Introduction
Mass Flow Theory of Hovering
Mechanical Oscillator Theory
Crawford’s Theory
Norberg’s Theory
Pennycuick’s Theory
Theory Based on Newton’s Laws
Deakin’s Theory
Earlier Work on Hovering
Summary
References
7 Moment of Inertia and Mutilation Studies of an Insect Wing
Introduction
Definition
Expression for Moment of Inertia
Expression for Rotational Kinetic Energy
Computation of Moment of Inertia of an Insect Wing
Comments on the Moment of Inertia Studies
Mutilation Studies of Insect Wings
Summary
Appendix
Energy of a Particle Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
Moment of Inertia
Example 1—Case of an Insect Wing (T. Javanica)
Example 2—Case of an Aluminium Foil
References
8 Chitinous Membranes and Analogous Material
Introduction to Chitin
Structure of the Insect Integument
Properties
Applications of Chitin
Analogous Materials
Resilin
Structure of Resilin
Applications of Resilin
Silk
Structure and Properties of the Silk Fibres
Texture of Silk Thread
About Sericulture
Chemical Composition and Properties
Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Silk
Summary
References
9 Aeroelasticity
Introduction
Historical Background
Importance of Aeroelasticity
Static Aeroelasticity
Divergence
Control Reversal
Dynamic Aeroelasticity
Flutter
Buffeting
Dynamic Response
Aeroelasticity in Insect Flight
Non-dimensional Parameters of Insect Flight
Salient Features of Aeroelastic Phenomena in Insect Flight
Rigid, Flexible and Very Flexible Wings
Summary
References
10 Insect Migration
Introduction
Insect Migration
Definition for Insect Migration
Evidence for Insect Migration
Reasons for Migration
Migration Within the Boundary Layer
Daytime Migration Outside the Boundary Layer
Migration at Night
Navigation—A General Overview
Summary
References
11 MAV Design Aspects Using MEMS
Introduction to MEMS
Background of MEMS
Role of MEMS in Various Applications
Advantages of Using MEMS in Various Applications
Role of MEMS in Designing Bio-mimicking MAVs
Micromachining Process
IC Process
Surface Micromachining (SMM) Process
Bulk Micromachining (BMM) Process
Practical Considerations of Designing MAVs Using MEMS
Process Development of Micromachining
Summary
References
12 Bio-mimicking MAVs Based on Insect Flight Studies
Overview
Adaptability of Different Wing Configurations for MAVs
Relevance of Insect Flight to MAV Applications
Reynolds Number and MAVs
Additional Aspects to Be Considered for MAV Design
Bio-mimicking MAVs Design Based on Insect Flight
Choice of an Insect for Bio-mimicking
Salient Features of the Insect T.javanica and Its Adaptation for MAV
Navigation of MAV
Considerations for Bio-mimicking MAV Designs
Navigation Equipment for Bio-mimicking MAVs
Additional Aspects of Surveillance
Summary
References
13 Navigation—A General Overview
Navigation—A General Overview
Navigational Methods and Techniques Used by Present Day Scientists
Inertial Navigation System (INS)
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
RADAR (Radar)—Radio Detection and Ranging
Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) and Microwave Landing System (MLS)
Vision and LIDAR Based Navigation
Navigational Methods Adopted by Natural fliers
MEMS for MAV Navigation
Summary
References
14 Wingbeat Frequency Theories—A Mathematical Approach
Introduction
Theories
Summary
References
15 Comments on Bio-physics of Insect Flight (Present and Future)
Present Study
Future Study
Conclusions
References
References
Index
