In 2021, over 537 million people worldwide were diagnosed with diabetes, according to the International Diabetes Federation and so the diagnosis, care and treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus have become one of the highest healthcare priorities. Biomedical photonics methods have been found to significantly improve and assist in the diagnosis of various disorders and complications arising from diabetes. These methods have also been widely used in various studies in the field of diabetes, including in the assessment of biochemical characteristics, metabolic processes, and microcirculation that are impaired in this disease.
This book provides an introduction to methods of biomedical photonics. The chapters, written by world-leading experts, cover a wide range of issues, including the theoretical basis of different biophotonics methods and practical issues concerning the conduction of experimental studies to diagnose disorders associated with diabetes. It provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in biomedical optics and photonics in the study of diabetes and related complications.
This book will be of interest to biomedical physicists and researchers, in addition to practicing doctors and endocrinologists looking to explore new instrumental methods for monitoring the effectiveness of patient treatment.
Features
• The first collective book combining accumulated knowledge and experience in the field of diabetes research using biophotonics.
• Contributions from leading experts in the field.
• Combines the theoretical base of the described methods and approaches, as well as providing valuable practical guidance and the latest research from experimental studies.
Author(s): Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin
Series: Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 278
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editors
Contributors
Introduction
Chapter 1 Optical and Structural Properties of Biological Tissues under Simulated Diabetes Mellitus Conditions
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Alloxan Animal Model of T1DM
1.3 Spectroscopic ex vivo Measurements
1.4 OCT in vivo Measurements
1.5 Blood Perfusion Properties
1.5.1 Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging
1.5.2 Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography and OCT Angiography
1.5.3 Laser Doppler Flowmetry
1.6 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 Optical Methods for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Screening
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pathophysiology of Diabetic Foot
2.2.1 Polyneuropathy
2.2.1.1 Neuropathy Consequences
2.2.2 Vasculopathy
2.2.2.1 Macrovascular Disease
2.2.2.2 Microvascular Disease
2.3 Current Diagnostic Methods
2.3.1 Neuropathy Examination
2.3.1.1 Small Fiber Tests
2.3.1.2 Large Fiber tests
2.3.2 Macrovascular Assessment
2.3.2.1 ABI
2.3.2.2 Toe Brachial Index
2.3.2.3 Doppler Probe
2.3.3 Microvascular Assessment
2.3.3.1 Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure (TcPO[sub(2)])
2.3.3.2 Skin Perfusion Pressure
2.3.3.3 Fluorescence Imaging
2.3.4 Microbiological Studies
2.4 Novel Optical Methods
2.4.1 Laser Doppler
2.4.2 Laser Speckle Imaging
2.4.3 Spectroscopic Methods
2.4.4 Hyperspectral and Multispectral Imaging
2.4.4.1 Hyperspectral vs. Multispectral
2.4.4.2 Blood Oxygen Saturation and Wound Healing
2.4.4.3 Prediction of DFU Development
2.4.4.4 Other Clinical Applications
2.4.5 Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI)
2.4.6 Orthogonal Polarization Spectral Imaging
2.4.7 Thermography
2.4.7.1 Inflammation Detection
2.4.7.2 Infection Detection
2.4.7.3 Blood Perfusion Assessment
2.4.7.4 Thermography with Interventions
2.4.8 Endogenous Bacterial Fluorescence
2.4.8.1 Infection Detection
2.4.8.2 Treatment Selection
2.4.8.3 Sampling and Debridement Guidance
2.4.9 Other Techniques
2.5 Summary
References
Chapter 3 The Use of Capillaroscopy and Aggregometry Methods to Diagnose the Alterations of Microcirculation and Microrheology in Diabetes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Blood Microrheological Properties in Diabetes
3.2.1 Blood Viscosity
3.2.2 RBC Aggregation and Disaggregation
3.2.3 RBC Deformability
3.3 Optical Methods for Assessing Aggregation and Deformability of RBCs and Blood Microcirculation
3.3.1 Laser Aggregometry
3.3.2 Laser Tweezers
3.3.3 Laser Diffractometry
3.3.4 Vital Digital Capillaroscopy
3.4 Experimental Study
3.5 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Diagnostics of Functional Abnormalities in the Microcirculation System Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry
4.1 Cutaneous Circulation as a Model of Generalized Microvascular Function
4.2 Functions of the Blood Microcirculation System
4.2.1 Transport
4.2.2 Exchange of Nutrients between Blood and Tissue
4.2.3 Pressure Regulation
4.2.4 Thermoregulation
4.2.5 Vascular Autoregulation
4.3 Oscillations of the Vascular Tone
4.3.1 Pulse Wave
4.3.2 Respiratory Modulation of Blood Flow
4.3.3 Myogenic Vascular Tone Oscillations
4.3.4 Neurogenic Oscillations
4.3.5 Endothelial Oscillations
4.4 Morphological and Function Abnormalities Caused by Diabetes Mellitus
4.5 Local Heating Test
4.6 Analysis of Blood Flow Oscillations in Diabetes Mellitus Studies
4.7 Experimental Study
4.8 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Wearable Sensors for Blood Perfusion Monitoring in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microcirculatory Tissue System of the Skin and Diagnostic Methods
5.2.1 Microcirculation of Blood: Structure and Regulation
5.2.2 Lymph Microcirculation: Structure and Regulation
5.2.3 Peculiarities of Peripheral Blood Circulation in Diabetes Mellitus
5.2.4 Laser Doppler Flowmetry of the Blood Microcirculation
5.2.4.1 Typical Disorders of Peripheral Blood Circulation
5.2.4.2 Functional Classification of Microcirculatory Disorders
5.2.4.3 Compensation of Hemodynamic Disorders
5.2.5 Assessment of the Adaptive Processes in the Microcirculatory Bed
5.2.6 Laser Doppler Flowmetry of Lymph Microcirculation
5.2.7 Joint Research of Blood and Lymph Flows
5.2.8 Laser-induced Fluorescent Spectroscopy: Diagnostics of Oxidative Metabolism
5.3 Modern Techniques for Blood Microcirculation Measurements with Wearable Instrumentation
5.4 Pathological Changes in Microcirculation System During Diabetes Mellitus
5.5 Age-Related Changes
5.6 Analysis of Microcirculatory Changes During Intravenous Infusion in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
5.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Optical Angiography at Diabetes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Visualization of Diabetes-Induced Microvascular Morphological Structure of Kidney
6.2.1 2D Histopathology of T1D-Induced Microvasculature Morphological Structural Changes of Kidneys
6.2.2 Tissue Optical Clearing for 3D Imaging of the Overall Kidney Structure
6.2.3 Applications of Tissue Optical Clearing in Studying T1D-Induced Microvascular Structural Changes in DN
6.3 Diabetes-Induced Changes in Skin Microvascular Function
6.3.1 Diabetes-Induced Changes in Skin Microvascular Characteristics
6.3.2 Diabetes-Induced Changes in Skin Microvascular Response
6.3.3 Diabetes-Induced Changes in Skin Microvascular Permeability
6.4 Diabetes-Induced Dynamical Changes in Cerebral Microvascular Dysfunction
6.4.1 Diabetes-Induced Abnormal Vascular Structure
6.4.2 Diabetes-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction
6.4.3 Diabetes-Induced Changes in Cortical Microvascular Blood Flow/Oxygen Response to Drugs
6.5 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7 Noninvasive Sensing of Serum sRAGE and Glycated Hemoglobin by Skin UV-Induced Fluorescence
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Glycated Products as Inducers and Markers of Inflammation in Dysmetabolic Conditions
7.3 Methods for Noninvasive Assessment of Protein Glycation End Products in Diabetes Mellitus
7.4 Methods for Noninvasive Assessment of Glycated Hemoglobin
7.5 UV-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Diagnostics of Skin Autofluorescence in Diabetes Mellitus
7.6 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8 Hyperspectral Imaging of Diabetes Mellitus Skin Complications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hyperspectral Imaging System Aided by Artificial Neural Networks
8.2.1 Human Skin Model and Monte Carlo Simulations of Diffuse Reflectance Spectra
8.2.2 Neural Networks Processing
8.3 Validation of Tissue Blood Oxygen Assessment Approach with the Phantom Studies
8.4 In vivo Functional Skin Imaging
8.5 Clinical Study of Diabetic Patients
8.6 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Fluorescent Technology in the Assessment of Metabolic Disorders in Diabetes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Assessment of AGE Accumulation in Diabetes Using Skin Autofluorescence
9.3 Studies of Other Intrinsic Biological Fluorophores in Respect to Diabetes
9.4 Multimodal Optical Approach with Fluorescence
9.5 Combined Use of Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Laser Doppler Flowmetry
9.6 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy in the Assessment of Diabetic Complications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Study of Glucose Concentration Influence on Blood Optical Properties in THz Frequency Range
10.3 The Use of Biosensor Based on Metafilm to Determine the Concentration of Glucose in Human Blood
10.4 Research of Human Blood Optical Properties with Concentration Changes of Blood Components in Terahertz Frequency Range
10.5 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11 Noninvasive Photonic Sensing of Glucose in Bloodstream
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Remote Sensing of Acoustical Vibrations via Temporal-Spatial Analysis of Speckle Patterns
11.3 Machine Learning-Based Analysis
11.4 Magneto-Optic Effect-Based Measurements
11.5 Speckle-Based Sensing of Chemicals by an Acoustic Excitation in Aqueous Solutions
11.6 Remote Sensing of Tissue Perfusion in the Lower Limbs
11.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Index
