Biomechanical Modeling of the Cardiovascular System

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author biographies
Ricardo L Armentano
Edmundo I Cabrera Fischer
Leandro J Cymberknop
Introduction
Outline placeholder
Physical modeling
Mathematical modeling
Final comments
References
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Structural basis of the circulatory system
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Cardiac structure
1.2.1 Heart valves
1.2.2 Cardiac chambers
1.2.3 Microscopic structures
1.2.4 Electrical system
1.3 Vessel structure
1.4 The circulatory system
1.5 Human blood
1.5.1 Blood plasma
1.5.2 Blood cells
1.6 Microcirculation
1.6.1 Capillaries
1.6.2 Alveolar capillary barrier
1.6.3 Portal venous system
1.6.4 Arterial portal system
1.6.5 Arteriovenous anastomoses
1.6.6 Splenic circulation
1.6.7 Myocardial circulation
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Human circulatory function
2.1 Hemodynamics
2.2 The left ventricular function
2.2.1 Filling phase
2.2.2 Isovolumic contraction
2.2.3 Ejection period
2.2.4 Isovolumic relaxation
2.2.5 Myocardial contractility
2.2.6 Diastolic function
2.3 Vessel function
2.3.1 Arteries
2.3.2 Veins
2.4 Blood rheology
2.4.1 Blood pressure
2.4.2 Blood volume
2.4.3 Blood flow
2.4.4 Cardiac output
2.4.5 Resistance and impedance
2.4.6 Bernoulli principle
2.4.7 Capillary function
2.4.8 Skin blood circulation
2.4.9 Coronary circulation
2.5 Venous return to right atrium
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Mathematical background for mechanical vessel analysis
3.1 Biomechanics
3.2 The constitutive equation
3.2.1 Stress
3.2.2 Strain
3.2.3 Hooke’s law: the relationship between stress and strain
3.3 Physics of the equilibrium of blood vessels
3.4 Viscoelasticity
3.4.1 Stress relaxation, creep and hysteresis
3.5 Frequency dependence of the elastic modulus E(ω)
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Modeling of the cardiovascular function
4.1 In vitro models
4.2 Isolated perfused animal heart
4.3 In vivo animal model
4.3.1 Cardiovascular function research during open-chest surgeries in animals
4.3.2 Cardiovascular function research in intact anesthetized animals
4.3.3 Chronically instrumented conscious animals
4.3.4 Blood pressure research in intact unanesthetized animals
4.4 Ex vivo animal model
4.5 Steady and transient states
4.6 Final comments
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Modeling of cardiovascular dysfunction
5.1 Characteristics of human cardiovascular failure
5.2 Anatomy and physiology of animals used to model human cardiovascular diseases
5.3 Models of cardiac disease
5.3.1 Myocardial ischemia
5.3.2 Interventricular communication
5.3.3 Cardiac arrhythmias
5.4 Models of vascular disease
5.4.1 Renal hypertension
5.4.2 Arteriovenous fistulae
5.4.3 Arterial calcification
5.4.4 Endothelial dysfunction
5.5 Models of cardiac failure
5.5.1 Acute right ventricular failure
5.5.2 Acute left ventricular failure
5.5.3 Coronary microembolization
5.5.4 Rapid cardiac pacing
5.5.5 Viral myocarditis
5.5.6 Myocardial toxicity
5.6 Final comments
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Hemodynamic modelization during therapeutical interventions: counterpulsation
6.1 Aortic counterpulsation
6.2 Left ventricular changes during aortic counterpulsation
6.3 Effects of aortic counterpulsation on blood circulation
6.4 Indexes of aortic counterpulsation
6.5 Arterial wall dynamics during aortic counterpulsation
6.6 Juxta-aortic counterpulsation
6.7 Pulmonary counterpulsation
6.7.1 Reverse blood flow during aortic counterpulsation
6.8 Enhanced external counterpulsation
6.8.1 Effects of enhanced external counterpulsation on arterial wall function
6.9 Final comments
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Arterial wall modelization in the time and frequency domain
7.1 Linear elastic theory
7.1.1 Elasticity
7.1.2 Viscoelasticity
7.2 Implementation of models in arterial mechanics
7.2.1 The stress–strain relationship in the arterial wall
7.3 Elastic passive behavior
7.3.1 Nonlinearity of the stress–strain relationship
7.3.2 Elastic modulus of elastin fibers (EE)
7.3.3 Elastic modulus of collagen fibers (EC)
7.3.4 Recruitment function of collagen fibers (fC)
7.4 Active elastic behavior
7.4.1 Smooth muscle mechanics
7.4.2 Vascular smooth muscle activation function as a function of strain (fML)
7.5 Dynamic behavior
7.5.1 Determination of the purely elastic relationship
7.5.2 Constitutive equation of the arterial wall
7.5.3 Frequential analysis, cutoff frequency and dynamic range
7.5.4 Damping function
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Pulse propagation in arteries
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Characteristics of pulse propagation
8.1.2 Definition of the constituent elements of the hydraulic opposition to cardiac ejection
8.1.3 Arterial impedance
8.1.4 Wave reflection
8.1.5 Reflection coefficient
8.1.6 Separation of incident wave and reflected wave
8.1.7 Measurement of the propagation coefficient.
8.1.8 Determination of reservoir and excess pressures
8.1.9 Physiopathological alterations in propagation characteristics
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Damping in the vascular wall
9.1 Physiological bases of wall damping and filtering
9.1.1 The arterial wall as an oscillating system; energy and elastic and viscous work.
9.1.2 Damping or filtering function: arterial self-protection
9.1.3 The arterial wall as a mass–spring–damper system
9.1.4 The arterial wall modeled as a filter
9.1.5 The arterial wall as an active and smart ‘damper or filter’
9.1.6 Determinants of the wall damping or filtering function: wall elasticity and viscosity
9.2 Methodological approach
9.3 Experimental applications
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Modeling of biological prostheses
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Electrospinning technique
10.2 Biomechanical evaluation on electrospun vascular grafts
10.2.1 Distensibility test
10.2.2 PLLA/SPEU evaluation protocol
10.2.3 PLLA/SPEU mechanical properties assessment
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Arterial hypertension, chaos and fractals
11.1 Complexity, health and disease
11.1.1 Unwrinkling effect
11.1.2 Influence of the reflected wave
11.2 Fractal dimension: a holistic index
11.3 Conclusion
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Mathematical blood flow models: numerical computing and applications
12.1 Towards a patient-specific modeling for clinical applications
12.2 Interaction between blood flow and the arterial wall: fluid–structure coupling
12.3 Implementing 1D models in arterial simulations
References