This book provides a unique perspective on atom economical utilization of biomass resources into value-added productions. Humins are inevitably formed during the process of biomass conversion, which compete with desired products, restrain the activity of catalyst and hinder the recycling of catalyst and separation of products. To further improve the efficiency of biomass conversion toward downstream products, unambiguous elucidation of the chemical structure and formation mechanism of humins are prerequisite. This book primarily presents the chemical structure analysis and formation mechanism of various biomass-derived humins, from simple molecular models to raw biomass resources. The chemical similarities and differences of various biomass-derived humins have been systematically summarized according to advanced analytical interpretation, which offers a comprehensive viewpoint for readers with chemistry, engineering and material backgrounds. Furthermore, the progress that has been achieved on humins valorization and future perspectives are discussed. Given its scope, this book can be treated as an informative resource for undergraduates, postgraduates, lecturers and researchers interested in biomass conversion from academia and industry from entry to professional levels.
Author(s): Li Liu
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 150
City: Singapore
Contents
1 Introduction
References
2 Structure and Formation Mechanism of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)-Derived Humins
2.1 Polymerization of HMF and Aromatic Decomposition Compounds
2.2 Humins Formation via HMF
2.3 Humins Formation via DHH
2.4 Aldol Addition/Condensation of DHH with HMF
2.5 Aldol Condensation and/or Etherification of HMF with DHH or HMF
2.6 Polymerization of HMF Through Electrophilic Substitution
2.7 Humins Formation via α-Carbonyl Aldehyde
2.8 Etherification, Esterification, Aldol Condensation, and Acetalization of HMF
2.9 Chapter Summary
References
3 Structure and Formation Mechanism of Furfural-Derived Humins
3.1 Humins Formation via Furfural
3.2 Electrophilic Substitution of Furfural
3.3 Condensation of Furfural/ring-Cleavage Compounds
3.4 Humins Formation via α-Carbonyl Aldehyde
3.5 Chapter Summary
References
4 Structure and Formation Mechanism of Glucose-Derived Humins
4.1 Intermolecular Condensation of Glucose
4.2 Polymerization/Condensation Between Glucose and Decomposition Products
4.3 Humins Formation via HMF
4.4 Polycondensation of HMF Through Electrophilic Substitution
4.5 Aldol Addition/condensation of DHH with Other Aldehydes and Ketones
4.6 Aldol Condensation of DHH and Limited LA with Aldehyde Groups of HMF/DHH
4.7 Aldol Condensation Between HMF, DHH and WSO
4.8 Humins Formation via α-Carbonyl Aldehyde
4.9 Etherification of Dehydrated Glucose and Electrophilic Substitution of Furfural Alcohol
4.10 Chapter Summary
References
5 Structure and Formation Mechanism of Xylose-Derived Humins
5.1 Humins Formation via Furfural
5.2 Electrophilic Substitution of Furfural
5.3 Polymerization of Furfural and Xylose Oligomers
5.4 Humins Formation via Furfural
5.5 Humins Formation via α-Carbonyl Aldehyde
5.6 Humins Formation via Xylose Oligomers
5.7 Copolymerization Between Furfural and Ethylene Glycol (EG)
5.8 Condensation Between Isomerized Xylose and Furfural/ring-Cleavage Compounds
5.9 Chapter Summary
References
6 Structure and Formation Mechanism of Cellulose-Derived Humins
6.1 Polymerization/condensation Between Decomposition Products of Cellulose
6.2 Humins Formation via HMF or Intramolecular Condensation, Dehydration and Decarboxylation
6.3 Aldol Addition/condensation of DHH with Other Aldehydes and Ketones
6.4 Polymerization of HMF and Glucose by Acetalization and Etherification
6.5 Chapter Summary
References
7 Structure and Formation Mechanism of Pseudo-Lignin Derived from Lignocellulose
7.1 Lignin Maintaining the Natural Macrostructure
7.2 Polycondensation and/or Polymerization Between DMC/BTO and Furfural/HMF
7.3 Pseudo-Lignin Formation via Xylose Mostly
7.4 Linkage of Lignin with DMC/BTO and Furfural/HMF
7.5 Chapter Summary
References
8 Analytical Methods for Humins Characterization
8.1 FT-IR
8.2 13C Solid-State NMR
8.2.1 1D 13C Solid-State NMR
8.2.2 2D 13C Solid-State NMR
8.3 Elemental Analysis
8.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
8.5 Dynamic Lights Scattering (DLS)
8.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
8.7 Pyrolysis–GC–MS
8.8 HPLC–MS
8.9 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
8.10 Theoretical Calculations
References
9 Humins Valorization
9.1 Depolymerization of Humins
9.1.1 Gasification
9.1.2 Pyrolysis
9.1.3 Hydrotreatment
9.2 Adsorbents for CO2
9.3 Heavy Metal Adsorption
9.4 Thermoset Material
9.4.1 Approach of Auto-Crosslinking
9.4.2 Approach of Chemical Modifications
9.5 Chapter Summary
References
10 Outlook and Perspectives
