Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Microbial Fermentation of Biowastes

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Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 - Strategies for enhanced microbial fermentation processes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Characteristics of common biowastes
1.2.1 Food waste
1.2.2 Agricultural waste and yard waste
1.2.3 Animal manure
1.2.4 Wastewater and waste activated sludge
1.2.5 Algal residues
1.3 Strategies for enhancing microbial fermentation
1.3.1 Additive strategies
1.3.2 Multistage bioreactors
1.3.3 Bioaugmentation strategies
1.3.4 Genetically engineered microorganisms
1.3.5 Codigestion strategies
1.3.6 Feedstock pretreatment strategies
1.3.7 Application of enzymes
1.3.8 Hybrid technologies
1.4 Global prospects
1.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 - Conversion of food waste to bioenergy and biochemicals via anaerobic digestion
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conversion of food waste to bioenergy and biochemicals
2.2.1 Bioproducts generated during hydrolysis
2.2.1.1 Sugars
2.2.1.2 Amino acids
2.2.2 Bioproducts generated during acidogenesis
2.2.2.1 Lactic acid
2.2.2.2 Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and alcohols
2.2.2.3 Medium-chain fatty acids
2.2.2.4 Hydrogen
2.2.3 Potential bioenergy generated from methanogenesis
2.2.3.1 Methane
2.2.3.2 Hythane
2.2.3.3 Anaerobic configurations for bioenergy production
Single-phase anaerobic digestion
Two-phase anaerobic digestion
Electro-fermentation
2.3 Integrated bioprocesses with food waste anaerobic digestion for bioresource recovery
2.3.1 Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from food waste after anaerobic digestion
2.3.2 Bio-based electricity generation
2.3.3 Biofertilizer produced in anaerobic digestion treating food waste
2.4 Challenges and limitations in bioconversion of food waste to bioresources via anaerobic digestion
2.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 3 - Conversion of agricultural wastes to bioenergy and biochemicals via anaerobic digestion
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biomass densification to promote feedstock supply efficiency
3.2.1 Technical feasibility of applying biomass densification for anaerobic digestion
3.2.1.1 Does anaerobic digestion of densified biomass require a recrushing step?
3.2.1.2 Is biomass densification negative to the efficiency of anaerobic digestion?
3.2.2 Economic feasibility of biomass densification for anaerobic digestion
3.3 Pretreatment of agricultural residues for anaerobic digestion
3.3.1 Hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for anaerobic digestion
3.3.2 Net energy of hydrothermal pretreatment at lower temperature for anaerobic digestion
3.4 Enhancement techniques for anaerobic digestion
3.4.1 Waste bottom ash of biomass power generation as an accelerator
3.4.2 Improving the mixing performances of anaerobic digestion of agricultural residues
3.4.3 Digester design to promote the anaerobic digestion of agricultural residues
3.5 Utilization of the anaerobic digestion products
3.5.1 Utilization of biogas and upgradation
3.5.2 Valorization of the digested residues by producing biochar
3.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 4 - Conversion of manure to bioenergy and biochemicals via anaerobic digestion
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biogas and biomethane production from manures through AD
4.2.1 Ammonia-tolerant digestion of low C/N manures
4.2.2 Codigestion of manures to improve methane production
4.2.2.1 Codigestion of different kinds of manure
4.2.2.2 Cardboard and CM codigestion
4.2.2.3 Enteromorpha and CM codigestion
4.2.2.4 Codigestion of green waste and chicken manure
4.2.3 Enhancement of biogas production through AD
4.3 Additional value from AD
4.3.1 Biohydrogen production from manure through AD
4.3.2 Bioethanol production through AD
4.3.3 Biohythane production through AD
4.3.4 Volatile fatty acids production through AD
4.3.5 Lactic acid production through AD
4.3.6 Long-chain fatty acids production through AD
4.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 5 - Conversion of wastewater to bioenergy and biochemicals via anaerobic digestion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bioenergy production
5.2.1 Methane production
5.2.2 Biohydrogen production
5.3 Biochemicals production
5.3.1 Bioethanol production
5.3.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production
5.3.3 Biopesticides production
5.3.4 Bioflocculant production
5.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 6 - Algal cultivation and algal residue conversion to bioenergy and valuable chemicals
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Advantages and development of energy from microalgae
6.2.1 Species of energy microalgae
6.2.2 Efficient cultivation of microalgae
6.2.2.1 Open pond culture systems
6.2.2.2 Closed culture system
6.2.2.3 Immobilized and biofilm attached culture of microalgae
6.3 Microalgae sewage treatment and resource engineering technology
6.3.1 Pretreatment of biogas slurry wastewater
6.3.2 Breeding and domestication of microalgae
6.4 Application of microalgae culture in wastewater treatment
6.4.1 Culture of microalgae
6.4.2 Separation and recovery of microalgae
6.4.3 Development of microalgae rich in high value products
6.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 - Additive strategies for enhanced anaerobic digestion for bioenergy and biochemicals
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Additive strategies for enhanced AD for bioenergy
7.2.1 Iron-based additives
7.2.1.1 ZVI addition–enhanced AD
The mechanism of ZVI affects the AD
Application of ZVI in AD and its operating parameters
7.2.1.2 The addition of Fe(II) and Fe(III) for the enhancement of AD
7.2.1.3 Iron oxide addition–enhanced AD
7.2.2 Carbon-based functional materials
7.2.2.1 AC additives
AC productions and its effect on AD
The mechanism behind the addition of AC in AD
Parameters that affect the efficiency of the addition AC in AD
7.2.2.2 Biochar additives
Biochar production and features
Biochar as a stabilizing agent for AD
Effect of biochar addition on microorganism metabolism in AD
7.2.2.3 Other carbon-based functional materials
7.2.3 Biological additives
7.2.3.1 Microbial inoculum
7.2.3.2 Enzymes
7.3 Additive strategies for enhanced AD for biochemicals
7.3.1 VFA production from AD
7.3.2 Medium-chain carboxylates production from AD
7.3.3 Bioethanol and lactic acid production from AD
7.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 8 - Bioreactors for enhanced anaerobic digestion for bioenergy and biochemicals
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bioreactors for enhanced AD for bioenergy
8.2.1 A brief history of the anaerobic digesters
8.2.2 Novel anaerobic digesters for enhanced methane yield
8.2.2.1 Multistage AD reactors
8.2.2.2 ZVI AD reactors
8.2.2.3 Bioelectrochemical AD reactors
8.2.2.4 Microbubble AD reactors
8.2.3 Novel anaerobic digesters for enhanced hydrogen yield
8.2.3.1 Microbial electrolysis cell-anaerobic digesters
8.2.3.2 Anaerobic down-flow structured-bed reactors
8.3 Bioreactors for enhanced AD for biochemicals
8.3.1 A brief history of the anaerobic digesters for biochemicals
8.3.2 Novel anaerobic digesters for enhanced organic acid yield
8.3.2.1 Multistage AD reactors
8.3.2.2 Microbial electrosynthesis AD reactors
8.3.2.3 Anaerobic dynamic membrane reactors
8.3.3 Novel anaerobic digesters for enhanced alcohol yield
8.3.4 Novel anaerobic digesters for enhanced biodiesel yield
8.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 9 - Bioaugmentation strategies via acclimatized microbial consortia for bioenergy production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Theoretical basis and operational procedures of bioaugmentation strategies
9.2.1 Theoretical basis
9.2.2 Common operational procedures
9.3 Key findings in bioaugmentation strategies for enhancing AD
9.3.1 Bioaugmentation for mitigating ammonia inhibition
9.3.2 Bioaugmentation for enhancing biodegradation of lignocellulosic biomass
9.3.3 Bioaugmentation for relieving pressure from high concentration of VFA or overloaded AD
9.3.4 Bioaugmentation for enhancing AD for biohydrogen production
9.3.5 Bioaugmentation for enhancing biodegradation of pollutants (e.g. plastics) in AD digesters
9.4 Challenges and opportunities of bioaugmentation to enhance AD for biofuel production
9.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 - Microbial fermentation via genetically engineered microorganisms for production of bioenergy and biochemicals
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Engineering E. coli to produce 1,4-butanediol
10.2.1 Pathway to produce 4-hydroxybutyrate from central metabolism
10.2.2 Pathway to produce 1,4-BDO from central metabolism
10.2.3 Improving 1,4-BDO production from glucose
10.3 Engineering S. cerevisiae to utilize xylose
10.3.1 Constructing S. cerevisiae strains to grow on xylose
10.3.2 Redox-imbalance limited the ethanol yield through the oxidoreductive pathway
10.3.3 Xylulose isomerase–based xylose utilization pathway
10.3.4 Improving xylose utilization based on the xylulose isomerase pathway
10.3.5 Understanding how ALE improved xylose utilization
10.3.6 Alleviating catabolite repression in S. cerevisiae through adaptive laboratory evolution
10.3.7 Alleviating catabolite repression in S. cerevisiae through sugar transporter engineering
10.4 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11 - Anaerobic digestion via codigestion strategies for production of bioenergy
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Composition of organic wastes and their monodigestion performances
11.2.1 Lignocellulosic waste
11.2.2 Animal manure
11.2.3 Food waste
11.3 Anaerobic codigestion
11.3.1 Definition of codigestion
11.3.2 Bioenergy recovery
11.3.3 Process stability
11.3.3.1 Influence of operating parameters on stability
11.3.3.2 Improvement of codigestion process stability
11.4 Microbial community in codigestion system
11.4.1 Microbials in codigestion system
11.4.2 Effect of C/N ratio on microbial community
11.4.3 Effect of pH on microbial community
11.4.4 Effect of trace elements on microbial community
11.4.5 Effect of pretreatment on microbial community
11.5 Life-cycle assessment of codigestion process
11.5.1 Methodology of LCA study
11.5.2 LCA of the ACoD process
11.5.2.1 Comparison of codigestion with current management system
11.5.2.2 Comparison of codigestion and monodigestion process
11.5.2.3 Effects of end-products utilization on LCA conclusions
11.5.2.4 Effects of pretreatment on LCA conclusions
11.5.2.5 Effects of policy on LCA conclusions
11.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12 - Feedstock pretreatment for enhanced anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic residues for bioenergy production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biomass pretreatment for enhanced AD
12.2.1 Physical pretreatment
12.2.1.1 Mechanical pretreatment
12.2.1.2 Extrusion
12.2.1.3 Microwave pretreatment
12.2.1.4 Steam explosion
12.2.1.5 Liquid hot water pretreatment
12.2.2 Chemical pretreatment
12.2.2.1 Alkaline pretreatment
12.2.2.2 Acid pretreatment
12.2.2.3 Wet oxidation pretreatment
12.2.2.4 Organosolv pretreatment
12.2.2.5 Ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent pretreatment
12.2.3 Biological pretreatment
12.2.3.1 Microbial pretreatment
12.2.3.2 Fungal pretreatment
12.2.3.3 Enzymatic pretreatment
12.2.4 Combinational pretreatment
12.3 Opportunities for AD in a circular bioeconomy
12.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 13 - Application of enzymes in microbial fermentation of biomass wastes for biofuels and biochemicals production
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biomass-degrading enzymes
13.2.1 Cellulases
13.2.2 Hemicellulases
13.2.3 Amylases
13.2.4 Laccases and peroxidases
13.3 Separated enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes
13.3.1 Pretreatments
13.3.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis
13.4 Simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes
13.4.1 Product inhibition
13.4.2 Strain thermotolerance in SSF processes
13.5 Commercial enzymes and enzymes’ costs
13.6 Advancements and innovation in biomass-degrading enzymes
13.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 14 - Hybrid technologies for enhanced microbial fermentation process for production of bioenergy and biochemicals
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mechanisms in hybrid MEC-AD systems
14.2.1 Methanogenesis pathways
14.2.2 Microbial communities
14.2.3 Electrode materials
14.3 Performances of hybrid MEC-AD systems
14.3.1 Augmented feedstock decomposition and methane production
14.3.2 Biogas upgrade
14.3.3 Coproduction of hydrogen and methane
14.3.4 Low-temperature MEC-AD
14.3.5 Hydrogen sulfide removal
14.3.6 Phosphorus recovery
14.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 15 - Acidogenic fermentation of organic wastes for production of volatile fatty acids
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Substrates for volatile fatty acids production through acidogenic fermentation
15.3 Inocula for acidogenic fermentation
15.4 Bioreactors and operation modes for VFAs production via acidogenic fermentation
15.5 Enhancing strategies for elevated VFAs yield from acidogenic fermentation
15.5.1 Optimization of operating parameters
15.5.2 Pretreatment of biowastes
15.5.3 Additives
15.5.4 Bioaugmentation
15.5.5 Cofermentation
15.6 Separation/recovery of VFAs from fermentation broth
15.6.1 Membrane separation
15.6.2 Separation via ion exchange resins (adsorption)
15.6.3 Electrodialysis
15.7 Subsequent applications of VFAs
15.7.1 Microbial lipids for production of biodiesel
15.7.2 PHAs for production of bioplastics
15.8 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16 - Functional microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermenters of organic wastes for production of volatile f ...
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Procedures for bacterial community analysis
16.3 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermenters
16.3.1 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermentation of food waste
16.3.2 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass waste
16.3.3 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermentation of sludge
16.3.4 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermentation of wastewater
16.3.5 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermentation of algal residues
16.3.6 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic cofermentation of mixed wastes
16.4 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17 - Microbial fermentation for biodegradation and biotransformation of waste plastics into high value–added chem ...
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Classification of plastics
17.3 Biodepolymerization and biotransformation of hydrolyzed plastics
17.3.1 Polyethylene terephthalate
17.3.1.1 Structure and properties
17.3.1.2 Depolymerization of PET
17.3.1.3 Biotransformation of PET degradants
Ethylene glycol
Terephthalic acid
17.3.2 Polyurethane
17.3.2.1 Structure and properties
17.3.2.2 Depolymerization of PU
17.3.2.3 Biotransformation of PU degradants
2,4-toluenediamine
1,4-Butanediol
Adipic acid
17.4 Biodepolymerization and biotransformation of nonhydrolyzed plastics
17.4.1 Polyethylene
17.4.2 Polystyrene
17.4.3 Polypropylene
17.4.4 Polyvinyl chloride
17.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Index
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