This book examines recent methods used for blood flow modeling and associated in vivo experiments, conducted using experimental data from medical imaging. Different strategies are proposed, from smallscale models to complex 3D modeling using modern computational codes. The geometries are wide-ranging and deal with the narrowing and widening of sections (stenoses, aneurysms), bifurcations, geometries associated with prosthetic elements, and even cases of vessels with smaller dimensions than those of the blood cells circulating in them.
Biological Flow in Large Vessels provides answers to the question of how medical and biomechanical knowledge can be combined to address clinical problems. It offers guidance for further development of numerical models, as well as experimental protocols applied to clinical research, with tools that can be used in real-time and at the patient’s bedside, for decision-making support, predicting the progression of pathologies, and planning personalized interventions.
Author(s): Jose-Maria Fullana, Claude Verdier, Valerie Deplano
Series: Mechanics: Biomechanics
Publisher: Wiley-ISTE
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 247
City: London
Cover
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Hemodynamics and Hemorheology
1.1. Structure and function of the circulatory system
1.2. Blood composition
1.3. The red blood cell: structure and dynamics
1.3.1. Red blood cell properties
1.3.2. Erythrocyte pathologies
1.3.3. Red blood cell dynamics
1.4. Rheology and dynamics
1.4.1. Phenomenology of blood rheology
1.4.2. Red blood cell aggregation
1.4.3. Dynamics of microcirculation
1.5. Conclusion
1.6. References
2 CFD Analyses of Different Parameters Influencing the Hemodynamic Outcomes of Complex Aortic Endovascular Repair
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Methods
2.3. Results
2.3.1. Model without stenosis
2.3.2. Model with 40% diameter stenosis
2.3.3. Model with 70% diameter stenosis
2.4. Discussion
2.4.1. Velocity and flow
2.4.2. Pressure
2.4.3. TAWSS
2.4.4. PAS
2.4.5. Limitations
2.5. Conclusion
2.6. Acknowledgments
2.7. References
3 Vascular Geometric Singularities, Hemodynamic Markers and Pathologies
3.1. Introduction
3.2. General characteristics of blood flows at the macroscopic scale
3.3. Several geometric singularities of the cardiovascular system
3.3.1. Curvatures and bifurcations
3.3.2. Cross-section constriction
3.3.3. Cross-section enlargement
3.3.4. Valves
3.4. Hemodynamic markers
3.4.1. Indexes derived from wall shear stress
3.4.2. Indexes describing VSs
3.5. Correlation between hemodynamic markers and pathologies: some examples
3.5.1. WSS and pathologies
3.5.2. Hemodynamic markers and thrombus
3.6. Conclusion and perspectives
3.7. References
4 Role of Arterial Blood Flow in Atherosclerosis
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Role of arterial fluid mechanics in atherosclerosis
4.2.1. Atherosclerosis initiation and progression
4.2.2. Role of arterial flow in atherosclerosis
4.3. An illustrative example of the complexity of arterial flow fields: fluid dynamic interactions between two arterial branches
4.3.1. The specific problem addressed
4.3.2. Materials and methods
4.3.3. Results
4.3.4. Discussion
4.4. Concluding remarks
4.5. References
5 Patient-specific Hemodynamic Simulations: Model Parameterization from Clinical Data to Enable Intervention Planning
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Multiscale models: do we need patient-specific data?
5.2.1. Assessing function of a new procedure/device
5.2.2. Optimizing the procedure/device for an individual patient
5.2.3. Population studies
5.3. How do we include patient-specific data?
5.3.1. Type of clinical data available and associated challenges
5.3.2. Establishing if the resistance of the 3D part is negligible or not, and parameterization in case it is
5.3.3. Resistance of the 3D part is not negligible
5.4. When models fall short of expectations: toward adaptation
5.4.1. Liver hepatectomy and blood loss
5.4.2. Pulmonary stenosis alleviation and vascular adaptation
5.5. Conclusion
5.6. Acknowledgments
5.7. References
6 Reduced-order Models of Blood Flow: Application to Arterial Stenoses
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Blood flow modeling
6.2.1. Two-dimensional axisymmetric model
6.2.2. Multi-ring model
6.2.3. One-dimensional model
6.2.4. Zero-dimensional model
6.3. Validation of the models
6.3.1. The entry effect
6.3.2. The Womersley solution in an elastic artery
6.4. Application to arterial stenoses
6.5. Conclusion
6.6. References
7 YALES2BIO: A General Purpose Solver Dedicated to Blood Flows
7.1. Methods and validation
7.1.1. Food and Drug Administration case
7.1.2. Optical tweezers
7.1.3. Red blood cell self-organization
7.2. Simulation as support of modeling efforts
7.2.1. Single cell dynamics
7.2.2. Flow diverters
7.2.3. Echocardiography
7.3. Simulations for industrial applications
7.3.1. Flow in the Carmat artificial heart
7.3.2. Red blood cell dynamics in Horiba Medical’s blood analyzers
7.4. Current developments
7.4.1. Thrombosis
7.4.2. In Silico MRI
7.4.3. Multi-cells
7.5. Acknowledgments
7.6. References
8 Capsule Relaxation Under Flow in a Tube
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Overview of the physical problem
8.2.1. Fluid solver
8.2.2. Solid solver
8.2.3. Fluid–structure coupling by the IBM method
8.3. Transient flow of a microcapsule into a microfluidic channel with a step
8.3.1. Capsule flow in the Stokes regime
8.3.2. Relaxation dynamics in the Stokes regime
8.3.3. Relaxation dynamics in the Navier–Stokes regime
8.4. Discussion and conclusion
8.5. Acknowledgements
8.6. References
Conclusion: Words and Things
List of Authors
Index
