The book summarizes the emerging topic about the effects of SMF on biological samples ranging from single molecules, subcellular compartments, and cells to whole organisms. It also discusses the potential application of SMF in clinical treatment of cancer, pain, diabetes and other diseases.
With the development and growing popularity of modern appliances like MRI in hospitals, the potential impact of magnetic fields on human health is invoking increasing concerns. At the same time, SMF has been explored in the treatment of tumor and other diseases for decades. Nevertheless, there are still some reservations and uncertainties about these treatments, which are largely due to the differential biological effects reported in the literature. These experimental inconsistencies are mainly caused by variations such as different magnetic field types, intensities, treatment time, as well as biological samples examined.
The second edition added eight new chapters about new progress in this field including impacts of SMFs, magnetism of biomolecules, and potential of SMFs in the management of bone, pain, diabetes, and immune systems. This volume will help clarify some dilemmas in this field and encourage further investigations in order to achieve a better understanding of the biological effects of SMF, aiming for a rational application of SMF in clinical therapy in the near future. The book is useful for scientists, doctors, and students who are interested in magnetic fields and life sciences
Author(s): Xin Zhang
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 428
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Magnetic Field Parameters and Biological Sample Differences That Lead to Differential Bioeffects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Magnetic Field Parameters That Influence Bioeffects
1.2.1 Static Magnetic Field vs. Time-Varying Magnetic Field
1.2.2 Different Magnetic Flux Density
1.2.2.1 Earth Magnetic Field (Geomagnetic Field)
1.2.2.2 Moderate and High SMFs (1 mT-20 T)
1.2.2.3 Ultra-High Static Magnetic Fields (>20 T)
1.2.2.4 Magnetic Flux Density-Induced Differences
1.2.3 Homogeneous vs. Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field
1.2.4 Exposure Time
1.2.5 Magnetic Poles and Magnetic Field Directions
1.3 Biological Sample Variations That Influence Magnetic Field-Induced Bioeffects
1.3.1 Cell Type-Dependent Cellular Effects of Static Magnetic Fields
1.3.2 Cell Plating Density-Dependent Cellular Effects of Static Magnetic Fields
1.3.3 Cell Status Influences the Cellular Effects of Static Magnetic Fields
1.4 Other Factors Contributing to the Lack of Consistencies in Bioeffect Studies of Magnetic Fields
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Static Magnetic Field Direction-Induced Differential Biological Effects
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Magnetic Poles vs. Magnetic Field Directions
2.3 Bioeffects Induced by Different Magnetic Poles/Field Directions
2.3.1 Bioeffects of Different Direction Static Magnetic Fields in Living Organisms
2.3.2 Bioeffects of Different SMF Directions at Cellular Level
2.4 Possible Mechanisms
2.5 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 3: Magnetic Properties of Biological Samples
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Magnetic Properties of Biomolecules
3.2.1 Nucleic Acid
3.2.2 Protein
3.2.2.1 Hemoglobin and Myoglobin
3.2.2.2 Cytochromes
3.2.2.3 Ferritin, Fe-Transferrin, and Ferredoxin
3.2.2.4 Copper Proteins
3.2.2.5 Assembled Proteins
3.2.3 Lipids
3.3 Blood and Relevant Chemical Compounds
3.4 Magnetic Properties of Organisms, Tissues, and Cells
3.4.1 Unicellular Organisms
3.4.2 Tissues
3.4.2.1 Normal Tissues
3.4.2.2 Tumor Tissues
3.4.3 Cells
3.4.3.1 Blood Cells
3.4.3.2 Cancer Cells
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Molecular Mechanisms for Electromagnetic Field Biosensing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Magnetism, Basic Definitions
4.2.1 Ferromagnetism, Paramagnetism, and Diamagnetism
4.2.2 Field Types and Strengths
4.3 Overview of Magnetoreception in Various Organisms
4.3.1 Bacteria
4.3.2 Plants
4.3.3 Invertebrates
4.3.3.1 Nematodes
4.3.3.2 Mollusks and Crustaceans
4.3.3.3 Insects
4.3.4 Vertebrates
4.3.4.1 Overview
4.3.4.2 Fish
4.3.4.3 Birds
4.3.4.4 Mammals
4.4 Types of Biological Magnetoreceptors
4.4.1 Magnetite
4.4.1.1 Structure and Biosynthesis in Prokaryotes
4.4.1.2 Distribution and Function in Higher Organisms Including Humans
4.4.2 Chemical Magnetosensing
4.4.2.1 Background: The Chemical Basis of the Radical Pair Mechanism (RPM)
4.4.2.2 The RPM in Magnetic Field Biosensing
4.4.3 Electromagnetic Induction
4.4.3.1 Biological Precedent for Induction: The Ampullae of Lorenzini
4.4.3.2 The ``Hall Effect´´-Relevance Beyond Specialized Electroreceptive Organs?
4.5 Mechanisms for Static Magnetic Field Effects on Human Biology
4.5.1 ``Established´´ Biosensors/Magnetoreceptors
4.5.1.1 Magnetite
4.5.1.2 Chemical Magnetoreception Via Cryptochromes
4.5.1.3 Induction: Revisiting the Effects of SMFs on Red Blood Cells
4.5.2 ``Other´´ Human Biosensors
4.5.2.1 Human Cells Appear to Have Additional Magnetosensing Capacity
4.5.2.2 HMF Effects on Cell Behavior Are Mediated by the Cytoskeleton
4.5.2.3 SMF Effects on Lipid Membranes and Downstream Signaling
4.5.2.4 Lipid Membrane-Based Mechanisms Can (Speculatively) Account for Biphasic Kinetic Responses to Constant Magnetic Field ...
4.5.2.5 Lipid Membranes as a Magnetic Field Biosensor-Revisiting Earlier Evidence
4.6 Concluding Comments
References
Chapter 5: Controlling Cell Membrane Potential with Static Nonuniform Magnetic Fields
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Magnetic Forces
5.3 Resting Cell Membrane Potential in a Gradient Magnetic Field: Generalized Nernst Equation
5.4 Smallest Magnets Generate the Highest Magnetic Gradients
5.4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.4.2 Magnetized Slabs
5.4.3 Axially Magnetized Cylinder with a Hole
5.5 Controlling Membrane Potential with MNPs Bound with Ion Channels
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Impact of Static Magnetic Fields on Cells
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cellular Effects of Static Magnetic Fields
6.2.1 Cell Orientation
6.2.2 Cell Proliferation/Growth
6.2.3 Microtubule and Cell Division
6.2.4 Actin
6.2.5 Cell Viability
6.2.6 Cell Attachment/Adhesion
6.2.7 Cell Morphology
6.2.8 Cell Migration
6.2.9 Stem Cell Differentiation
6.2.10 Cell Membrane
6.2.11 Cell Cycle
6.2.12 DNA
6.2.13 Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
6.2.14 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
6.2.15 Calcium
6.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Impact of SMFs on Microorganisms, Plants, and Animals
7.1 Introduction
7.2 SMFs on Microorganisms
7.2.1 SMFs on Cellular Growth and Viability
7.2.2 SMF on Morphological and Biochemical Modifications
7.2.3 SMF on Genotoxicity
7.2.4 SMF on Gene and Protein Expression
7.2.5 Magnetosome Formation Sensing Magnetic Fields
7.2.6 Application of Static Magnetic Fields on Antibiotic Resistance, Fermentation, and Wastewater Treatment
7.3 SMF on Plants
7.3.1 SMF on Germination
7.3.2 SMF on Growth
7.3.3 SMF on Gravitropism
7.3.4 SMF on Photosynthesis
7.3.5 SMF on Redox Status
7.3.6 Cryptochromes Sensing Magnetic Field
7.4 SMF on Animals
7.4.1 SMF on Caenorhabditis elegans
7.4.2 SMF on Insects
7.4.3 SMF on Helix pomatia
7.4.4 SMF on Aquatic Animals
7.4.5 SMF on Xenopus laevis
7.4.6 SMF on Mice and Rats
7.4.6.1 SMF on Bone Growth, Healing, and Loss
7.4.6.2 SMF on Cardiovascular System
Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
Cardiac Function
Hematological Parameters
7.4.6.3 SMF on Digestive System
7.4.6.4 SMF on Endocrine System
7.4.6.5 SMF on Lymphatic System
7.4.6.6 SMF on Nervous System
7.4.6.7 SMF on Reproduction and Development
7.4.7 Magnetic Sensing Protein in Animals
7.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Static Magnetic Fields on Human Bodies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Earth Magnetic Field/Geomagnetic Field (GMF)
8.3 Time-Varying Magnetic Fields and Their Clinical Applications
8.3.1 Magnetoencephalography and Magnetocardiogram
8.3.2 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
8.4 Static Magnetic Fields and Their Clinical Applications
8.4.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
8.4.2 Magnetic Surgery
8.4.3 Magnetic Therapy Using SMFs
8.5 Discussion
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Potential Applications of Static Magnetic Fields in Cancer Treatment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Direct Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
9.2.1 Static Magnetic Fields Could Inhibit Some Cancer Cell Proliferation
9.2.2 Static Magnetic Fields and Cancer Cell Division
9.2.3 Static Magnetic Fields and Cancer Metastasis
9.2.4 Static Magnetic Fields and Cancer Cell Stemness
9.3 Static Magnetic Fields and Tumor Microcirculation and Angiogenesis
9.4 Static Magnetic Fields Inhibit Cancer Through Immune Regulation
9.5 Static Magnetic Fields in Combination with Other Treatments
9.5.1 Static Magnetic Fields in Combination with Chemodrugs
9.5.2 Static Magnetic Fields in Combination with Time-Varying Magnetic Fields
9.5.3 Static Magnetic Fields in Combination with Radiotherapy
9.6 Patient Studies
9.7 Discussion
9.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Diabetes and Its Complications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Glycemia Levels in Diabetic Animals
10.3 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Insulin Levels in Diabetic Animals
10.4 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Diabetic Complications
10.5 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Glycemia and Insulin Levels in Cells and Non-Diabetic Animals
10.6 Analysis of Inconsistent Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Glycemia or Insulin
10.7 Potential Mechanisms for the Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Glycemia or Insulin
10.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Impacts of Static Magnetic Field on Bone Health
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Impacts of Static Magnetic Fields on Osteoporosis
11.2.1 Impacts of Static Magnetic Fields on Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Osteoblasts
11.2.2 Impacts of Static Magnetic Fields Combined with Magnetic Nanomaterials on Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Osteoblasts
11.2.3 Impacts of Static Magnetic Fields on Bone Marrow Macrophages and Osteoclasts
11.2.4 Impacts of Static Magnetic Fields on Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
11.2.5 Impacts of Static Magnetic Fields on Diabetic Osteoporosis
11.3 Impacts of Hypomagnetic Field on Bone Metabolism
11.4 Impacts of Static Magnetic Fields on Osteosarcoma
11.4.1 Impacts of Static Magnetic Fields on Osteosarcoma
11.4.2 Impacts of Static Magnetic Fields on Osteosarcoma Stem Cells
11.4.3 Impacts of Static Magnetic Fields in Combination with Chemical Drugs on Osteosarcoma
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on the Immune System
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Immune Organs
12.3 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Immune Cells
12.3.1 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Macrophages
12.3.2 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Neutrophils
12.3.3 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Lymphocytes
12.4 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Cytokines
12.5 Static Magnetic Fields May Be Able to Regulate the Immune Function Through Central Nervous System
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Biological Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on the Nervous System
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Neural Cells
13.2.1 Some Static Magnetic Fields Can Promote Neural Cell Functions
13.2.2 Some Static Magnetic Fields Have No Obvious Effect on Neural Cells
13.2.3 Some SMFs Inhibit Neural Cell Functions
13.3 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Animal Behaviors
13.3.1 The Behavioral Effects of SMFs Exposure on Rodents
13.3.1.1 Balance Ability
13.3.1.2 Social Behaviors
13.3.1.3 Anxiety and Depression Levels
13.3.1.4 Spatial Learning and Memory
13.3.1.5 Pain-Related Behaviors
13.3.2 The Behavioral Effects of Static Magnetic Field Exposure on Zebrafish
13.3.3 The Behavioral Effects of Static Magnetic Field Exposure on Other Animals
13.4 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on the Nervous System in Humans
13.4.1 MRI-Related Studies
13.4.2 Other Studies of Static Magnetic Field Effects on Human Nervous Systems
13.5 Discussion
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: The Biological Effects of Long-Term Static Magnetic Field Exposure
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Animal Studies
14.2.1 Continuous Exposure
14.2.1.1 Non-implanted
14.2.1.2 Implanted
14.2.2 Intermittent Exposure
14.3 Human Studies
14.4 Epidemiological Studies
14.5 Discussions
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Prospects, Pitfalls, and Opportunities for Human Static Magnetic Field Therapy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Overview of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Treatment Modalities
15.2.1 Low-Frequency Sine Waves
15.2.2 Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs)
15.2.3 Pulsed Radiofrequency Fields (PRFs)
15.2.4 Transcranial Magnetic/Electric Stimulation (TMS)
15.2.5 Static/Permanent Magnetic Fields (SMF)
15.2.6 ``Non-therapeutic´´ Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure Allays Safety Concerns
15.3 Biomedical Effects of Static Magnetic Field Therapies Categorized by Field Strength
15.3.1 ``DIY´´ Treatments with Low to Moderate Strength Static Magnetic Fields Are Widespread But Unproven
15.3.2 Hypomagnetic Fields (HMF)-Evidence for Magnetotherapy by Default?
15.3.3 Stronger Magnetic Fields-Impacts on Human Health
15.3.3.1 Moderate Strength Static Magnetic Field Therapy
15.3.3.2 Higher Strength Static Magnetic Field Exposure
15.4 Prospects for Therapeutic Areas
15.4.1 Pain Perception
15.4.2 Blood Flow/Vascularization
15.4.3 Evidence for Treatment of Neurological Disease and Neural Regeneration
15.4.4 Stem Cells
15.4.5 Other Therapeutic Areas for Static Magnetic Field
15.5 Pitfalls with SMF Clinical Studies and Acceptance of Magnetotherapy
15.5.1 Hyperbolic and Ambiguous Claims vs. Outright Rejection of Magnetotherapy
15.5.2 Parameters Necessary to be Controlled in Magnetotherapy
15.5.3 The Placebo Effect
15.6 Concluding Comments
References
