Bioelectromagnetics in Healthcare: Advanced sensing and communication applications

Cover
Contents
About the editor
1 Introduction, overview, and future directions
1.1 Introduction to this book
1.2 Overview of each chapter
1.3 Future directions
2 Introduction to dielectric measurement and some common applications
2.1 How EMFs interact with a range of materials
2.1.1 Electronic polarisation
2.1.2 Atomic polarisation
2.1.3 Orientation of polar molecules
2.1.4 Ionic conduction
2.1.5 Orientation polarisation of induced dipoles
2.1.6 Interfacial polarisations
2.2 Common measurement systems
2.2.1 Measurement and instrumentation at ELF
2.2.2 Reference materials
2.2.3 Measurement and instrumentation at radio and microwave frequencies
2.3 Measurement technique
2.3.1 The probe
2.3.2 The model
2.3.3 The calibration
2.3.4 Sample preparation
2.3.5 Measurement uncertainty
2.3.6 In vivo versus in vitro measurement
2.3.7 Microwave tomography
2.3.8 Electric properties tomography
2.4 Applications of dielectrics
2.4.1 Optimisation of microwave food processing plants and quality control
2.4.2 Microwave-assisted chemical reactions
2.4.3 Microwave processing of biomass
2.4.4 Microwave sintering of ceramics
2.5 Concluding remarks
References
3 Dosimetry for bioelectromagnetics
3.1 Electrical properties of biological tissues
3.2 Anatomical models
3.3 The FDTD method
3.3.1 Overview of the FDTD method
3.4 Conversion between timeand frequency-domains
3.4.1 FDTD for very low frequencies
3.4.2 The two-equations two-unknowns (2E2U) method
3.5 The (FD)2TD method
3.6 The S-FDTD and GS-FDTD methods
3.7 Dosimetry—What are we measuring?
3.8 Dosimetry—future work and applications
References
4 Phantom recipes for implanted and wearable antenna applications
4.1 Design principles of antennas in/on lossy media
4.2 The electromagnetic properties of the medium
4.2.1 Efficiency and radiated power of implanted antennas
4.2.2 Bandwidth
4.3 Review of tissue-mimicking phantoms
4.3.1 Geometrical phantoms
4.3.2 Simulations of geometrical phantoms
4.3.3 Measurements of geometrical phantoms
4.3.4 Phantoms with realistic dimensions (anatomical phantoms)
4.3.5 Simulations of anatomical phantoms
4.3.6 Measurements of anatomical phantoms
4.3.7 Composition of human body phantoms
4.3.8 Methodology and design of the in-house developed phantom recipes
4.3.9 Measurement test-bed for the dielectric parameters of the phantom recipes
4.3.10 Measurements of homogenous tissue emulating phantom recipes
4.4 Conclusions
References
5 Antennas for implants: design and limitations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Key performance indicators: implantable antennas versus classic electrically small antennas
5.3 Loss mechanisms and efficiency in implanted antennas
5.3.1 A spherical multishell model for the lossy host medium
5.3.2 Bounds on power density reaching the surface of the lossy phantom
5.3.3 Design rules of thumb
5.4 Examples
5.5 Measurements
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Electromagnetic coupling in biological media
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Circuit model of coupled coils in a general non-ideal environment
6.3 Complex Kirchhoff coefficients: a field solution approach
6.4 Simulation results of complex Kirchhoff coefficients
6.5 Network analysis of a two-coil system
6.5.1 Resonant frequency and quality factor
6.5.2 Frequency splitting
6.5.3 Electrical current distribution
6.6 WPT in biological media
6.6.1 Introduction and system modeling
6.6.2 System optimization
6.6.3 Simulation results
6.6.4 Criteria for the frequency switching
6.7 Conclusions
References
7 Electromagnetic resonators and
metamaterials-based structures for chemical
and biological sensing in body-centric wireless
healthcare applications
7.1 MTMs and resonators in sensing Devices
7.2 EMs in chemical sensing
7.3 EMs in biomedical and healthcare applications
7.3.1 Drug delivery
7.3.2 Cancer detection and treatment using hyperthermia
7.3.3 Wireless capsule endoscopy
7.3.4 Cardiovascular healthcare and other applications
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 In vitro test-bed design for bone fracture monitoring using implanted antennas
8.1 Simulation of a two-layer anatomical phantom
8.2 Measurement results using a two-material phantom
8.3 Simulation of a three-layer anatomical phantom
8.4 Measurement setup using a three-material phantom
8.5 SAR evaluation of the implanted monopoles inside a three-material phantom
8.6 An analysis of an antenna monitoring system for bone fractures inside multilayer phantoms
8.6.1 The antenna coatings
8.6.2 Visualization of the blood distribution inside the fracture
8.6.3 Simulations of the two monopoles inside a voxel model
8.6.4 Measurement setup using a three-material phantom
8.6.5 Forearm—radius bone measurement setup
8.6.6 Finger—phalange bone measurement setup
8.6.7 Leg—tibia bone measurement setup
8.6.8 Ex vivo lamb joint measurement setup
8.6.9 Measurement results of the three material phantoms and lamb joint test-beds
8.7 Conclusions
References
9 Wearable antennas and sensing
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Respiration/breath monitoring
9.2.1 RFID antenna-based
9.2.2 Smart T-shirt: spiral fiber sensor array [13]
9.2.3 Radar-based [19]
9.3 Cardiac monitoring
9.4 Cardiopulmonary monitoring
9.5 Body fluid monitoring
9.5.1 Urine monitoring [39]
9.5.2 Facemask moisture detection [47]
9.6 Steatotic liver detection
9.7 Conclusion
References
10 Epidermal and conformal electronics for bio sensing applications
10.1 Throat prosthesis biofilm sensing tag design
10.1.1 Bio film sensor measurements
10.2 Streaming bio data over Gen 2 RFID link
10.3 Summary
References
11 Radar for healthcare technology
11.1 Physiological monitoring
11.1.1 Heart monitoring
11.1.2 Respiration monitoring
11.2 Radar principles
11.2.1 Doppler radar
11.2.2 Radar types
11.2.3 CW radar for healthcare applications
11.3 Challenges
11.3.1 Range correlation effect
11.3.2 Null points
11.3.3 Frequency considerations
11.3.4 DC offset
11.3.5 Signal processing
11.4 Implementation of a CW radar
11.4.1 Experimental results
11.5 Applications
11.5.1 Patients with compromised skin
11.5.2 Sleep monitoring
11.5.3 Elderly monitoring
11.6 Summary
References
12 Therapeutic applications of electromagnetic waves
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Typical applications
12.2.1 Hyperthermia
12.2.2 Microwave ablation
12.2.3 Cancer treatment based on non-thermal effects
12.3 Evaluation and validation
12.3.1 Numerical simulation with digital phantoms
12.3.2 Experiment with physical phantoms
12.4 Further challenges
12.4.1 Design of MWA antennas with change of tissue parameters
12.4.2 Microwave theranostics for cancer treatment
References
13 Optoelectronic sensing of physiological monitoring from contact to noncontact and point to imaging
13.1 Summary
13.2 Opto-physiological interaction
13.2.1 Radiative transport theorem
13.2.2 Multi-layered tissue structure with capillary and peripheral blood vessels
13.2.3 Tissue optical properties (ma, ms, g) along with
multi-layered tissue
13.2.4 Modeling of opto-physiological interaction in contact and non-contact
13.3 Opto-physiological monitoring and assessment
13.3.1 Multi-wavelength illuminations for optoelectronic sensor
13.3.2 Influence of motion artifacts and ambient light during the measurement
13.3.3 Multi-signals generated from multi-wavelength illumination optoelectronic sensor
13.4 Contact and non-contact measurement
13.4.1 Configuration of the OEPS system
13.4.2 Configuration of non-contact image sensing system
13.4.3 Importance of multiplexing multi-wavelength illumination and demultiplexing multi-signals
13.5 Case studies
13.5.1 Case 1: wrist model for smart watch
13.5.2 Case 2: imaging PPG
13.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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