Biodegradable Polymers, Blends and Composites

Biodegradable Polymers, Blends and Composites
Copyright
Contributors
Acknowledgment
1. Introduction to biodegradable polymers
1. Introduction
2. Biodegradable polymers
2.1 Polyhydroxybutyrate
2.2 Poly-lactic acid
2.3 Polyglycolide
2.4 Natural rubber
2.5 Starch
2.6 Polycarbonate
2.7 Soy-based biodegradable polymers
2.8 Polycaprolactone
2.9 Polyurethanes
2.10 Polyanhydrides
3. Biodegradable polymer blends
3.1 PLA-based blends
3.1.1 Poly-lactic acid/polystyrene (PLA/PS) blends
3.1.2 PLA/PE blends
3.1.3 PLA/ABS blends
3.1.4 PLA/PP blends
3.1.5 PLA/PC blends
3.2 Polycaprolactone blends
3.2.1 PCL/PP blends
3.2.2 PCL/PE blends
3.2.3 PLC/PVC blends
3.2.4 PCL/PS blends
3.2.5 PCL/PC blends
3.2.6 PCL/SAN blends
3.3 Thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends
3.3.1 TPS/PP blends
3.3.2 TPS/PE blends
3.3.3 TPS/ABS blends
3.3.4 TPS/PS blends
3.4 Polybutylene succinate blends (PBS)
3.5 Polybutylene succinate adipate blends
3.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends
3.7 Starch-based blends
4. Conclusion
References
2. Natural rubber-based polymer blends and composites
1. Introduction
1.1 What is natural rubber?
2. Natural rubber-based polymer nanocomposites
2.1 Si-based NR nanocomposites
2.2 Clay particles
2.3 Carbon nanomaterials
2.4 MoS2
2.5 Tannic acid
3. Application of NR-based polymer nanocomposites
3.1 Thermal conductivity
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3. Soy protein-based polymer blends and composites
1. Introduction
2. Polymer blends and composites
3. Nanofillers as reinforcing agents
4. Fabrication of soy protein-based materials
5. Soy protein-based blends and composites
5.1 Soy protein-based blends and composites for food packaging applications
6. Soy protein-based blends and composites for medical applications
7. Soy protein-based blends and composites for horticultural applications
8. Soy protein-based blends and composites as adhesives
9. Soy protein-based blends and composites as self-healing agents
10. Soy protein-based blends and composites for battery applications
11. Other applications
12. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
4. Extraction and properties of cellulose for polymer composites
1. Introduction
2. Cellulose
3. Nanocellulose
3.1 Classification of nanocellulose
3.1.1 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)
3.1.2 Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs)
3.1.3 Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
3.2 Isolation processes of nanocellulose
3.2.1 Chemical pretreatments
3.2.2 Conventional method
3.2.2.1 High-pressure homogenization
3.2.2.2 Grinding
3.2.3 Nonconventional process/mechanical process
3.2.3.1 Ultrasonication
3.2.3.2 Ball milling
3.2.3.3 Cryocrushing
3.2.3.4 Steam explosion
3.2.3.5 Blending
3.2.3.6 Extrusion
3.3 Characterization of nanocellulose
3.3.1 Physical properties
3.3.1.1 Dynamic light scattering (DLS)/zeta potential
3.3.1.2 Electron microscopy (EM)
3.3.1.3 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
3.3.2 Chemical properties
3.3.2.1 Chemical composition
3.3.2.2 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
3.3.2.3 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
3.3.3 Thermal properties
4. Applications
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
5. Cellulose-based blends and composites
1. Introduction
2. Lignocellulose compositions
3. Cellulose composites
3.1 Deconstructed cellulose monomer platform
3.2 Natural and modified cellulose fiber platform
3.3 Nanocellulose platform
3.4 Microbial cellulose platform
4. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
6. Chitin and chitosan-based blends and composites
1. Introduction
2. Structure, properties, and applications of chitosan
2.1 Structure
2.2 Properties
2.3 Applications
3. Classification of chitosan-based blends and composites
3.1 Classification based on the applications
3.1.1 Applications of chitosan-based blends and composites in tissue engineering
3.1.1.1 Bone tissue engineering
3.1.1.2 Cartilage tissue engineering
3.1.1.3 Ligament and tendon tissue engineering
3.1.1.4 Skin tissue engineering
3.1.1.5 Liver tissue engineering
3.1.1.6 Nerve tissue engineering
3.1.2 Applications of chitosan-based blends and composites in drug delivery
3.1.3 Applications of chitosan-based blends and composites in food processing
3.1.4 Applications of chitosan-based blends and composites in corrosion protection
3.1.5 Applications of chitosan-based blends and composites in adsorptive removals of dyes, heavy metal ions, and other hazardous ...
3.1.5.1 Applications of chitosan-based blends and composites in adsorptive removals of dyes
3.1.5.2 Applications of chitosan-based blends and composites in adsorptive removals of heavy metal ion(s)
3.1.5.2.1 Cu(II)
3.1.5.2.2 Cr(VI)
3.1.5.2.3 Cd(II)
3.1.5.2.4 Pb(II)
3.1.5.2.5 Ni(II)
3.1.5.2.6 As(III) and As(V)
3.1.5.2.7 Au(III)
3.1.5.2.8 Other pollutants
3.2 Classification based on the material compositions
3.2.1 Chitosan-organic materials
3.2.2 Chitosan-inorganic materials
3.2.3 Chitosan-organic-inorganic hybrid materials
4. Synthesis of some selected blends and composites of chitosan
4.1 Synthesis of some chitosan-inorganic blends and composites
4.1.1 Chitosan–clay composites/nanocomposites
4.1.1.1 Chitosan–sand composites
4.1.1.2 Chitosan-activated clay composites
4.1.1.3 Chitosan–MMT nanocomposites
4.1.1.4 Chitosan–cloisite nanocomposites
4.1.1.5 Chitosan–perlite composites/nanocomposites
4.1.1.6 Chitosan–bentonite composites/nanocomposites
4.1.2 Chitosan–metal oxides/phosphates
4.1.2.1 Chitosan–ceramic alumina composites
4.1.2.2 Chitosan–magnetite nanocomposites
4.1.3 Chitosan–clay-metal oxides/phosphates
4.1.3.1 Chitosan–kaolin–g-Fe2O3 composites
4.2 Synthesis of some selected chitosan-organic blends and composites
4.2.1 Chitosan–PVA blend
4.2.2 Chitosan–alginate blend
4.2.3 Chitosan–cotton fiber composites
4.2.4 Chitosan–cellulose-based blends and composites
4.2.5 Chitosan–collagen-based blends and composites
4.2.6 Chitosan-based blends and composites bearing graphenes, CNTs, and their derivatives
5. Conclusions
References
7. Starch-based blends and composites
1. Introduction
2. Chemical structure of starch
3. Properties of starch
3.1 FTIR analysis
3.2 NMR analysis
3.3 XRD analysis T
3.4 TG analysis
3.5 Biodegradability
4. Starch-based blends and composites
4.1 Blends and composites of starch with rubber
4.1.1 Modification of starch
4.1.1.1 Gelatinization
4.1.1.2 Plasticization
4.1.1.3 Hydrolysis
4.1.1.4 Chemical reaction
4.1.2 Addition of coupling agents
4.1.3 Modification of rubber matrix
4.2 Blends and composites of starch with nonbiodegradable plastics
4.3 Blends and composites of starch with biodegradable polymers
5. Conclusions
6. Future prospects
References
8 - PLA-based blends and composites
1. Introduction
1.1 Biodegradable polymers
1.2 Poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA)
2. PLA-based composites
3. PLA-based blends
4. Electrospun PLA fiber composite systems
5. Conclusion and future perspectives
References
9. PHBV based blends and composites
1. Introduction
1.1 Structure of PHBV
1.2 Sources of PHBV
1.3 Properties of PHBV
1.4 Modification of PHBV
2. PHBV based blends
3. Fabrication of PHBV composites
3.1 PHBV based composites
3.2 Effects of plasticizers on PHBV based blends/composites/films/mats
3.3 Effects of various fillers on PHBV based composites
3.4 Biodegradation mechanisms of PHBV based blends/composites
4. PHBV based nanocomposites
5. PHBV applications
5.1 PHBV in packaging applications
5.2 PHBV in biomedical applications
6. Conclusions
List of abbreviations
References
10. PVA-based blends and composites
1. Introduction
2. Chemistry of PVA
3. History of PVA
4. PVA-based blended/cross-linked composites
5. PVA-based blended films
6. PVA-based composites
7. PVA-based cross-linked composites
Acknowledgment
References
11. PBAT-based blends and composites
1. Introduction
2. PBAT-based blends and composites
2.1 PBAT/TPS-based blends and composites
2.1.1 PBAT/TPS-based blends
2.1.2 PBAT/TPS-based composites
2.2 PBAT/PLA-based blends and composites
2.2.1 PBAT/PLA-based blends
2.2.2 PBAT/PLA-based composites
2.3 PBAT/lignin-based blends and composites
2.4 PBAT and other polymer blends and composites
3. Application of PBAT-based blends and composites
3.1 Packaging
3.2 Agriculture (mulch film)
4. Conclusion
References
12. Hydrogel- and aerogel-based composites: Biodegradable hydrogel and aerogel polymer blend-based composites
1. Introduction
2. Lignocellulosic-based hydrogel and aerogel
2.1 Cellulose blends
2.2 Hemicellulose blends
2.3 Lignin blends
3. Synthetic-based hydrogel and aerogel
3.1 Polyurethane blends
3.2 Poly(lactic acid) blends
3.3 Polyvinyl alcohol blends
3.4 Polyethylene glycol blends
4. Applications
4.1 Medicine
4.2 Agriculture
5. Future prospects
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
13. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-based blends and composites
1. Introduction
2. General properties of PHB
3. Chemical synthesis
4. Biological synthesis
4.1 Bacteria
4.2 Microalgae
4.3 Production factors
5. Steps involved in PHB production
6. PHB blends
7. PHB-based composites
8. Innovative applications and products
9. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
14. Active and intelligent biodegradable films and polymers
1. Introduction
2. Active packaging
3. Active ingredients used in active packaging
3.1 Organic acids and their salts
3.2 Enzymes
3.3 Bacteriocins
3.4 Antioxidants
3.5 Inorganic gases
3.6 Metals
4. Active films
5. Intelligent packaging
6. Types of intelligent packaging
6.1 Oxygen-absorbent packaging systems
6.2 Antibacterial packaging
6.3 Controller packaging of moisture
6.4 Ethylene-absorbent packaging
7. Other types of intelligent packaging
8. Indicators used in intelligent food packaging
8.1 One- time and temperature indicators (TTIs)
8.2 Integrity indicator
8.3 Freshness indicator
8.4 Radio frequency detection (RFID)
9. Types of sensors used in packaging
9.1 Chemical sensors
9.2 Mass sensors
10. Materials used in the manufacture of sensors
10.1 Classic materials
10.2 Polymers
10.3 pH-monitoring sensors
11. Nanotechnology in intelligent packaging
12. Characteristics and properties of nanosensors
12.1 Food industry uses
13. Classification of nanosensors
13.1 Carbon-based nanotubes
13.2 Polymer nanoparticles
13.3 Liposomes
13.4 Dendrimers
13.5 Nanoemulsions
13.6 Hydrogel nanoparticles
13.7 Nanotools
References
15. Biodegradable biosourced epoxy thermosets, blends, and composites
1. Introduction
2. Application prospective: adhesives, coatings, and composites
3. Bio-sourced epoxy resins: chemical modifications and synthesis
3.1 Plant oil-based epoxy polymers
3.2 Lignin-based epoxy resins
3.3 Cardanol-based epoxy polymers
3.4 Other renewable-sourced bio-epoxy resin
3.5 Biodegradation studies
4. Bio-epoxy thermoset blends: value-added matrix
4.1 Plant oil-based epoxy blends
4.1.1 Soyabean oil-based blends
4.1.2 Linseed oil-based epoxy blends
4.1.3 Castor oil-based epoxy blends
4.2 Other biosourced epoxy blends
5. Bio-epoxy thermoset composites
5.1 Natural fiber-based bio-epoxy green composites
6. Biodegradability prospective
7. Conclusion
References
16. Analysis and characterization of starches from alternative sources
1. Introduction
2. Molecular characterization
2.1 Microscopic techniques
2.1.1 Electron and polarized light microscopy
2.2 Spectroscopic techniques
2.2.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
2.2.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
2.3 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
2.4 Thermal properties (DSC and TG)
2.4.1 Pasting properties (RVA)
3. Conclusion
References
17. Biocomposites potential for nanotechnology
1. Highlights
2. Biocomposites and nanotechnology
3. Nanobiocomposite applications
4. Nanobiocomposites and the food industry
5. Cosmetics applications of nanobiocomposites
6. Nanobiocomposites in biomedical areas
7. Trends and gaps in knowledge
References
18. Zein-based blends and composites
1. Introduction: chemistry and properties of zein molecules
2. Zein as an ingredient for ecofriendly films
3. Zein as an ingredient for coatings
4. Nanotechnology applications with zein
5. Final considerations
References
19. Biodegradable polymer blends and composites from renewable resources
1. Introduction
2. Biodegradable polymers and blends
2.1 Starch
2.2 Poly-lactic acid
2.3 Poly-caprolactone
2.4 Poly-hydroxyalkanoate/poly-hydroxybutyrates
2.5 Biopolymer blends
3. Manufacturing of biopolymer blends
3.1 Production from agricultural wastes
3.2 Production of biopolymers from vegetable extracts and winery wastes
3.3 Microbial synthesis and chemical extraction
4. Biodegradable composites
4.1 Use of natural fibers as reinforcements
5. Conclusion and future perspectives
References
20. Electrically conductive biodegradable polymer blends and composites
1. Introduction
2. Biodegradable polymeric systems, biodegradability, and compatibility
2.1 Biodegradability
2.2 Biocompatibility
3. Necessity for electrically conducting biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric systems
4. Electrically conducting biodegradable polymeric systems
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
21. Biodegradable polymer blends and composites for biomedical applications
1. Introduction
2. Biodegradable synthetic polymers
3. Preparation of biodegradable synthetic polyesters
4. Biodegradable synthetic thermally cross-linked polyester blends
4.1 Poly(sorbitol sebacate malate) blend
4.2 Poly(xylitol-co-dodecanedioate) blend
4.3 Poly(1,8-ocatnediol-glycerol-dodecanedioate) blend
5. Biodegradable synthetic thermally cross-linked polyester composites
5.1 Poly(sorbitol sebacate malate)/hydroxyapatite composites
5.2 Poly(xylitol-co-dodecanediote)/hydroxyapatite composites
5.3 Poly(1,8-ocatnediol-glycerol-dodecanedioate)/hydroxyapatite composites
6. Remarks and future directions
Acknowledgment
References
22. Biodegradable polymer blends for tissue engineering
1. Introduction
2. Tissue engineering
3. Biomaterials for tissue engineering
4. Biodegradable polymer blends for tissue engineering
5. Conclusion
References
23. Additive manufacturing with biodegradable polymers
1. Introduction
2. Additive manufacturing
3. Additive manufacturing techniques
3.1 Material extrusion
3.2 Material jetting
3.3 Vat photopolymerization
3.4 Powder bed fusion
3.5 Binder jetting
3.6 Directed energy deposition
3.7 Sheet lamination
4. Biodegradable polymers in additive manufacturing
4.1 Polylactic acid (PLA)-based material
4.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and their copolymers
4.3 Polycaprolactone (PCL)
4.4 Cellulose-derived materials
4.5 Silk
4.6 Starch derivative
4.7 Chitosan
4.8 Poly(vinyl alcohol)
5. Conclusions
References
Further readings
24. Production of biodegradable films and blends from proteins
1. Introduction
2. Protein sources to produce biodegradable films and blends
3. Production of biodegradable films and blends
4. Solution/solvent casting
5. Dry processes (thermomechanical processing)
6. Conclusion and future perspectives
References
25. Biodegradable polymer blends and composites for food-packaging applications
1. Introduction
1.1 Types of food packages
1.2 Materials used for food packaging
1.3 Biodegradable plastics for food packaging
1.3.1 Polymer blends
1.3.2 Classification of biodegradable polymers
2. Biobased polysaccharides
2.1 Polysaccharides from animals
2.2 Polysaccharides from plants
2.2.1 Starch
2.2.2 Cellulose
2.2.2.1 Cellulose ester
2.2.2.2 Cellulose ethers
2.2.2.3 Bacterial cellulose
2.2.3 Galactomannans
2.3 Polysaccharides from algae
2.3.1 Carrageenan
2.3.2 Alginates
2.4 Polysaccharides from microorganisms
2.4.1 Pullulan
2.4.2 Gellan gum
2.4.3 Xanthan gum
3. Microbial polymers
3.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
3.2 Polylactic acid
4. Conclusion
References
26. Biodegradable polymers and green-based antimicrobial packaging materials
1. Introduction
2. Biodegradable biobased polymers
2.1 Biodegradable biobased polymers from biomass
2.1.1 Proteins
2.1.2 Polysaccharides
2.1.2.1 Plant-based polysaccharides
2.1.2.1.1 Cellulose
2.1.2.1.2 Starch
2.2 Biopolymers derived from biomonomers
2.2.1 Polylactic acid
2.3 Biopolymers derived from microorganisms
2.3.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
3. Biodegradable petroleum-based polymers
4. Green packaging antimicrobial agents
5. Conclusion
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z