This book compares the involvement of Kurdistan-Iraq and Palestine (Palestinian Territory of the West Bank and Gaza Strip) in international relations from the viewpoint of their practical performance. In particular, it provides an overview over the current Kurdish and Palestinian paradiplomatic activities and their practical performance in terms of their capabilities, capacities and practical achievements. The contributing authors analyze the evolution of paradiplomacy, the domestic legal and institutional framework, the goals, instruments, and capabilities of Kurdish and Palestinian paradiplomacy, and selected foreign relations. The book identifies the similarities and differences between the paradiplomacy of Kurdistan-Iraq and Palestine with regard to a set of guidelines: causes, legal foundations, institutionalization, predominant motives, practical implementation, and outcomes of paradiplomacy. It provides empirical explanations about how and why Kurdistan-Iraq and Palestine develop and practice paradiplomacy and contributes to a better understanding of Kurdistan-Iraq’s and Palestine’s involvement in international affairs and their activities.
Author(s): Gülistan Gürbey, Sabine Hofmann, Ferhad Ibrahim Seyder
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 335
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction: Conceptualizing Paradiplomacy of Kurdistan-Iraq and Palestine
Paradiplomacy as Conceptual Framework
Anthology Structure
References
Part I: The Rise of Paradiplomacy
Chapter 2: The Evolution of Kurdistan-Iraq’s Paradiplomacy: Causes and Constraints
Introduction
Definitions and Theoretical Deliberations
Paradiplomacy: Mapping the Literature
Studies on the Paradiplomacy of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI)
Evolution of the Paradiplomacy of Kurdistan-Iraq
1991–2004 (Formative Years)
2005–2013 (Paradiplomacy)
2014–September 2017 (Protodiplomacy)
October 2017 to Date (Return to Paradiplomacy)
Unpacking the ‘Black Box’ of Kurdistan-Iraq’s Paradiplomacy
Causes and Constraints of Kurdistan-Iraq’s Paradiplomacy
Paradiplomacy, Protodiplomacy and Secession—The Role of Luck and Leadership
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: The Evolution of Palestine’s Paradiplomacy: Causes and Constraints
The Emergence of Armed Struggle and Paradiplomacy in Palestine
The Establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization
PLO Paradiplomacy Between 1974 and 1987
PLO Paradiplomacy Between 1987 and 1993
Palestinian Paradiplomacy Between 1994 and 2004
Palestinian Paradiplomacy Between 2005 and Present
Constraints and Impediments Faced by Palestinian Paradiplomacy
Conclusion
References
Part II: The Foundations of Paradiplomacy
Chapter 4: Legal Framework, Institutionalization, Tools, and Motives of Kurdistan Iraq’s Paradiplomacy
Introduction
The Process of Institutionalization and Its Driving Factors
Exploring the Legal Framework
The Evolution of Kurdistan Region’s Paradiplomacy
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 5: Legal Framework, Institutionalization, Tools, and Motives of Palestine’s Paradiplomacy
Introduction: Diplomacy Beyond International Relations—Paradiplomacy
Palestinian Paradiplomacy: Legal Framework and Institutionalization
Motives for Paradiplomacy in Palestine
Palestinian Paradiplomacy Beyond the PLO
Paradiplomacy and COVID-19 in Palestine
Conclusion
References
Part III: Paradiplomacy in Practice (Selected Relations)
Chapter 6: Palestine and USA
Background (1948–1973)
Genesis: Origins of the PLO’s “American Strategy” (1973–1982)
Crisis: From the Lebanon Invasion to the Intifada (1982–1993)
Metamorphosis: Oslo and the Remaking of Palestinian Politics (1993–2011)
From Stagnation to Triangulation (2011–Today)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Kurdistan-Iraq and EU
Introduction to KRG-EU Relations
The Pre-autonomy Quest for Visibility (Pre-1991)
Nascent Autonomy and Humanitarian Crisis (1991–2003)
Building Economic Bridges in a New Iraq (2003–2014)
Military Cooperation and the War Against the So-called Islamic State (2014–2017)
EU-KRG Post-Referendum: The Current Phase (Post-2017)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Palestine and EU
Introduction
Diplomacy, Politics and Non-sovereign Actors
Diplomacy Versus Settler-colonial Elimination
Palestine-EU Relations Beyond Paradiplomacy
Palestinian Diplomacy, Internationalisation and the EU
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Palestine and Russia
Introduction
Defining Paradiplomacy in the Palestinian-Soviet Context
The Palestinian-Soviet Paradiplomacy
The Soviet-Israeli Relations as a Determinant
The Formal Relations
Informal Players and the Palestinian-Soviet Paradiplomacy
Culture in the Palestinian-Soviet Paradiplomacy
The Palestinian-Russian Paradiplomacy
The Political Track
The Economic Track
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Kurdistan-Iraq and China
Historical Dimension of Relations Between KRG and China
Current Relations, Interests and Motivations
Diplomatic/Political Relationship
Looking for a Big Friend
Areas of Cooperation
Limitations of Cooperation
China-Iraq Relationship
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Palestine and China
Palestinian Militancy and China
The Oslo Accords and the Palestinian Authority
Fatah-Hamas Rivalry and China
Contemporary Palestinian Strategies and China
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Kurdistan-Iraq and Turkey
Introduction
Appeasement Policy at the Expense of Intra-Kurdish Conflict
Nation-building at Home and Abroad
“Ice-break” in the KRG-Turkey Relations
Kurdish-Turkish Strategic Partnership in the Middle East
Emergence of ISIS and Shifting Geopolitical Considerations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Kurdistan-Iraq and Iran
Introduction
The KRG and Iranian Kurdish Opposition Groups
Economic Ties
The Regional Chess Game and Its Implications for KRG-Iran Relations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Palestine and Iran
Background
The Palestinian Cause: A Stimulus for the Iranian Anti-Shah Oppositions Throughout the 1960s–1970s
Iran’s Pre-Revolutionary Islamists and the Palestinian Cause
The Oslo Accord: A Divided Palestinian Front
The Rise of Palestinian Islamic Movements; Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Iran: A Quest for a Theological Chemistry
Hamas and the Islamic Republic of Iran: A Strategic Enquiry
Palestinian Movements and Iran in Post–Arab Spring Era: Turbulent Moments
Abraham Accord, Sheikh Jarrah Incident and the War on Gaza 2021: Underpinning Palestinian Connections with Iran
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Conclusion
Back Matter
Index
