Basic Fracture Mechanics and its Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Chapter 1 Fracture in Structural Components
1.1 Fracture in Engineering Materials and Structures: Societal Relevance
1.1.1 Safety Assessments
1.1.2 Environment and Health Hazards
1.1.3 Optimizing Costs (Fuel Economy, Material Costs, Opportunity Costs)
1.1.4 Product Liability
1.2 Examples of Prominent Fractures and the Underlying Causes
1.2.1 Failures in Liberty Ships
1.2.2 Failures of Comet Aircraft
1.2.3 Cracks in A380 Aircrafts
1.2.4 Crack in a Structural Member of an Interstate Highway Bridge
1.2.5 Cracks in Human Bones
1.2.6 Aneurysms in Human Abdominal Aortas
1.3 Degradation Phenomena and Fracture in Engineering Materials and Structures
1.3.1 Crack Initiation/Formation and Growth
1.4 History of Developments in Understanding Fatigue and Fracture
1.4.1 Developments in Understanding of Fatigue
1.4.2 Understanding Brittle and Ductile Fracture
1.4.3 Early Developments in Fracture Mechanics
1.4.4 Developments in Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics
1.4.5 Environment Assisted Cracking
1.4.6 Developments in Time Dependent Fracture Mechanics
1.5 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Early Theories of Fracture
2.1 Microscopic Aspects of Brittle Fracture
2.1.1 Intergranular and Transgranular Fracture
2.1.2 Equi-Cohesive Temperature
2.1.3 Ductile and Brittle Fracture
2.2 Models of Fracture at the Atomic Scale
2.3 Stress Concentration Effects of Flaws
2.4 Griffith's Theory of Brittle Fracture
2.5 Orowan's Modification to Griffith's Theory
2.6 The Concept of Crack Extension Force, G
2.6.1 Estimation of Griffith's Crack Extension Force for an Arbitrary Shaped Body
2.7 Crack Growth Resistance, R
2.8 Predicting Instability in Cracked Structures
2.8.1 Predicting Instability Conditions for a General Case
2.9 Summary
References
Homework Problems
Appendix 2A: Review of Solid Mechanics
2A.1 Stress
2A.2 Strain
2A.3 Elasticity
2A.4 Elastic Strain Energy
2A.5 Stress Transformation Equations
2A.6 Stress–Strain Behavior
Notes
Chapter 3 Theoretical Basis for Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
3.1 Engineering Materials and Defects
3.2 Stress Analysis of Cracks
3.2.1 Equations of Elasticity
3.2.2 Compatibility Equations
3.2.3 Application of Airy's Stress Function to Crack Problems
3.3 Stress Intensity Parameter, K, for Various Crack Geometries and Loading Configurations by the Westergaard Method
3.4 Crack Tip Displacement Fields
3.5 The Relationship between G and K
3.6 Determining K for Other Loading and Crack Geometries
3.7 Use of Linear Superposition Principle for Deriving K-Solutions
3.8 K-Solutions for 3-D Cracks
3.9 Summary
References
Homework Problems
Appendix 3A
3A.1 Cauchy–Reimann Equations
3A.2 Derivation of the Crack Tip Displacement Fields
Chapter 4 Crack Tip Plasticity
4.1 Estimate of the Plastic Zone Size
4.2 Plasticity Modified Crack Tip Stress Field for SSY
4.3 Plastic Zone Shape
4.4 Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD)
4.5 Summary
References
Homework Problems
Appendix 4A: Plastic Yielding Under Uniaxial and Multiaxial Conditions
4A.1 Uniaxial Stress–Strain Curve
4A.2 Von Mises Yield Criterion for Multiaxial Loading
4A.3 Tresca Yield Criterion
Chapter 5 Fracture Toughness and its Measurement
5.1 Similitude and the Stress Intensity Parameter, K
5.2 Fracture Toughness as a Function of Plate Thickness
5.3 Ductile and Brittle Fracture and the LEFM Approach
5.4 Measurement of Fracture Toughness
5.4.1 Measurement of Plane Strain Fracture Toughness, K[sub(Ic)]
5.4.2 Fracture Toughness of Thin Panels
5.5 Correlations between Charpy Energy and Fracture Toughness
5.5.1 Charpy Energy versus Fracture Toughness Correlation for Lower-Shelf and Lower Transition Region
5.5.2 Charpy Energy versus Fracture Toughness Correlation in the Upper-Shelf Region
5.6 Summary
References
Homework Problems
Appendix 5A: Compliance Relationships for C(T) and M(T) Specimens
5A.1 Compliance Relationships for C(T) Specimen
5A.2 Compliance and K-Relationships for M(T) Specimens
Notes
Chapter 6 Fatigue Crack Growth
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fatigue Crack Growth (or Propagation) Rates
6.2.1 Definitions
6.2.2 Mechanisms of Fatigue Crack Growth
6.2.3 Fatigue Crack Growth Life Estimation
6.3 The Effect of Load Ratio, Temperature, and Frequency on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in the Paris Regime
6.4 Wide Range Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior
6.5 Crack Tip Plasticity during Cyclic Loading
6.5.1 Cyclic Plastic Zone
6.5.2 Crack Closure during Cyclic Loading
6.6 Fatigue Cycles Involving Compressive Loading
6.7 Models for Representing Load Ratio Effects on Fatigue Crack Growth Rates
6.8 Fatigue Crack Growth Measurements (ASTM Standard E647)
6.9 Behavior of Small or Short Cracks
6.9.1 Limitations of . K for Characterizing Small Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior
6.10 Fatigue Crack Growth under Variable Amplitude Loading
6.10.1 Effects of Single Overloads/Underloads on Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior
6.10.2 Variable Amplitude Loading
6.11 Summary
References
Homework Problems
Note
Chapter 7 Environment-Assisted Cracking
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanisms of EAC
7.3 Relationship between EAC and K under Static Loads
7.4 Methods of Determining K[sub(IEAC)]
7.5 Relationship between K[sub(IEAC)] and Yield Strength and Fracture Toughness
7.6 Environment Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth
7.7 Models for Environment Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior
7.7.1 Linear Superposition Model
7.7.2 A Model for Predicting the Effects of Hydrogen Pressure on the Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior
7.8 Summary
References
Homework Problems
Chapter 8 Fracture under Mixed-Mode Loading
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Stress Analysis of Cracks under Mixed Mode Loading
8.3 Mixed Mode Considerations in Fracture of Isotropic Materials
8.3.1 Fracture Criterion Based on Energy Available for Crack Extension
8.3.2 Maximum Circumferential Stress Fracture Criterion
8.3.3 Strain Energy Density (SED) as Mixed Mode Fracture Criterion
8.4 Fracture Toughness Measurements under Mixed-Mode Conditions
8.4.1 Fracture in Bones
8.4.2 Measurement of Fracture Toughness under Mode II (K[sub(IIc)])
8.4.3 Measurement of Interfacial Toughness in Laminate Composites
8.5 Fatigue Crack Growth under Mixed-Mode Loading
8.6 Summary
References
Homework Problems
Chapter 9 Fracture and Crack Growth under Elastic/Plastic Loading
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rice's J-Integral
9.3 J-Integral as a Fracture Parameter
9.4 Equations for Determining J in C(T) Specimens
9.5 Fatigue Crack Growth under Gross Plasticity Conditions
9.5.1 Experimental Correlation between da/dN and ΔJ
9.6 Summary
References
Homework Problems
Chapter 10 Creep and Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Creep Crack Growth
10.2.1 The C*-Integral
10.2.2 C(t) Integral and the C[sub(t)] Parameter
10.2.3 Creep Crack Growth in Creep-Brittle Materials
10.3 Crack Growth under Creep-Fatigue-Environment Conditions
10.3.1 da/dN versus ΔK Correlations
10.3.2 Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth Rates for Long Cycle Times
10.4 Summary
References
Homework Problems
Note
Chapter 11 Case Studies in Applications of Fracture Mechanics
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Integrity Assessment of Structures and Components
11.1.2 Material and Process Selection
11.1.3 Design or Remaining Life Prediction
11.1.4 Inspection Criterion and Interval Determination
11.1.5 Failure Analysis
11.2 General Methodology for Fracture Mechanics Analysis
11.3 Case Studies
11.3.1 Optimizing Manufacturing Costs
11.3.1.1 Problem Statement
11.3.1.2 Approach
11.3.2 Reliability of Service-Degraded Steam Turbine Rotors
11.3.2.1 Analysis of Stresses on the Rotor during Service
11.3.2.2 Flaws in the Rotors and Their Evaluation
11.3.2.3 Semi-Elliptical Surface Flaw on the Bore
11.3.2.4 Single and Multiple Co-Planar Embedded Flaws
11.3.2.5 Remaining Life Assessment/Inspection Interval Calculations
11.3.3 Design of Vessels for Storing Gaseous Hydrogen at Very High Pressures
11.3.3.1 K-Expressions for Cracked Pressurized Cylinders
11.3.3.2 FCGR Properties of Pressure Vessel Steels in High Pressure Hydrogen
11.3.3.3 Design Life Calculations
11.4 Summary
References
Notes
Index