ARRL Antenna Book for Radio Communications 24th Edition

The ARRL Antenna Book
Foreword
Contents
Common Schematic Symbols
Antenna Fundamentals
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND WAVES
1.1.1 E AND H FIELDS
1.1.2 CONDUCTION AND DISPLACEMENT CURRENTS
1.1.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1.2 ANTENNA IMPEDANCE
1.2.1 RADIATION RESISTANCE AND EFFICIENCY
1.2.2 CURRENT AND VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION
1.2.3 FEED POINT IMPEDANCE
1.3 ANTENNA DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN
1.3.1 THE ISOTROPIC RADIATOR
1.3.2 DIRECTIVITY AND THE RADIATION PATTERN
1.3.3 NEAR AND FAR FIELDS
1.3.4 TYPES OF RADIATION PATTERNS
1.3.5 DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN
1.3.6 RADIATION PATTERN MEASUREMENTS
1.4 ANTENNA POLARIZATION
1.5 OTHER ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
1.5.1 RECIPROCITY IN RECEIVING AND TRANSMITTING
1.5.2 ANTENNA BANDWIDTH
1.5.3 FREQUENCY SCALING
1.5.4 EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER (ERP)
1.6 RF RADIATION AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD SAFETY
1.6.1 THERMAL EFFECTS OF RF ENERGY
1.6.2 ATHERMAL EFFECTS OF EMR
1.7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dipoles and Monopoles
2.1 DIPOLES
2.1.1 EFFECTS OF CONDUCTOR DIAMETER
2.1.2 RADIATION PATTERNS AND EFFECTS OF GROUND
2.1.3 FEED POINT IMPEDANCE
2.1.4 EFFECT OF FREQUENCY ON RADIATION PATTERN
2.1.5 FOLDED DIPOLES
2.1.6 VERTICAL DIPOLES
2.2 MONOPOLES
2.2.2 FOLDED MONOPOLES
2.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Effects of Ground
3.1 EFFECTS OF GROUND IN THE REACTIVE NEAR FIELD
3.1.1 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND
3.1.2 SKIN DEPTH IN SOIL
3.1.3 WAVELENGTH IN SOIL
3.1.4 FEED POINT IMPEDANCE VERSUS HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND
3.2 GROUND SYSTEMS FOR VERTICAL MONOPOLES
3.2.1 FIELDS NEAR THE BASE OF A VERTICAL
3.2.2 RADIATION EFFICIENCY AND POWER LOSSES IN THE SOIL
3.2.3 WIRE GROUND SYSTEMS
3.2.4 ELEVATED GROUND SYSTEMS
3.2.5 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RADIAL SYSTEMS
3.3 THE EFFECT OF GROUND IN THE FAR FIELD
3.3.1 REFLECTIONS IN GENERAL
3.3.2 FAR-FIELD GROUND REFLECTIONS AND THE VERTICAL ANTENNA
3.3.3 THE PSEUDO-BREWSTER ANGLE (PBA) AND THE VERTICAL ANTENNA
3.3.4 FLAT-GROUND REFLECTIONS AND HORIZONTALLY POLARIZED WAVES
3.3.5 DIRECTIVE PATTERNS OVER REAL GROUND
3.4 GROUND PARAMETERS FOR ANTENNA ANALYSIS
3.4.1 IMPORTANCE OF GROUND CONDITIONS
3.4.2 SECURING GROUND DATA
3.5 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A - OPTIMUM RADIAL SYSTEMS WITH A GIVEN AMOUNT OF WIRE
Radio Wave Propagation
4.1 THE NATURE OF RADIO WAVES
4.1.1 BENDING OF RADIO WAVES
4.1.2 GROUND WAVES
4.1.3 THE SURFACE WAVE
4.1.4 THE SPACE WAVE
4.1.5 VHF/UHF PROPAGATION BEYOND LINE OF SIGHT
4.1.6 ANTENNA POLARIZATION
4.1.7 LONG-DISTANCE PROPAGATION OF VHF WAVES
4.1.8 RELIABLE VHF COVERAGE
4.1.9 AURORAL PROPAGATION
4.2 HF SKY-WAVE PROPAGATION
4.2.1 THE ROLE OF THE SUN
4.2.2 THE IONOSPHERE
4.2.3 SOUNDING THE IONOSPHERE
4.2.4 SKIP PROPAGATION
4.2.5 MULTI-HOP PROPAGATION
4.2.6 NON-HOPPING PROPAGATION MODES
4.2.7 MAXIMUM USABLE FREQUENCY (MUF)
4.2.8 LOWEST USABLE FREQUENCY (LUF)
4.2.9 SOLAR AND GEOPHYSICAL DATA
4.2.10 DISTURBED IONOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
4.2.11 ONE-WAY PROPAGATION
4.2.12 LONG AND SHORT PATH PROPAGATION
4.2.13 GRAY-LINE PROPAGATION
4.2.14 FADING
4.2.15 SPORADIC E AND HF SCATTER MODES
4.2.16 NEW AMATEUR BANDS AT LF AND MF
4.3 WHEN AND WHERE HF BANDS ARE OPEN
4.3.1 THE PROPAGATION BIG PICTURE
4.3.2 ELEVATION ANGLES FOR HF COMMUNICATION
IONCAP
4.3.3 PROPAGATION PREDICTION TABLES
4.4 PROPAGATION PREDICTION SOFTWARE
4.4.1 SOLAR ACTIVITY DATA
4.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Loop Antennas
5.1 LARGE LOOPS
5.1.1 THE SQUARE OR QUAD LOOP
5.1.2. TRIANGULAR OR DELTA LOOPS
5.1.3 FEEDING LARGE LOOPS
5.1.4 HORIZONTAL LOOPS
5.1.5 HALF-WAVE LOOPS
5.2 SMALL RECEIVING LOOPS
5.2.1 THE BASIC SMALL LOOP
5.2.2 TUNING THE SMALL LOOP
5.2.3 ELECTROSTATICALLY SHIELDED LOOPS
5.2.4 SMALL LOOP LOSS FACTORS
5.2.5 USING SMALL TUNED LOOPS
5.3 SMALL TRANSMITTING LOOPS
5.3.1 LOOP CURRENT
5.3.2 LOOP IMPEDANCE AND Q
5.3.3 THE SECONDARY FEEDING LOOP
5.3.5 COUPLING TO A COAXIAL FEED LINE
5.3.6 VERTICAL LOOP COUPLING TO THE GROUND
5.3.4 FIELDS AT THE LOOP CENTER AND IN THE FAR FIELD NULL
5.3.7 EFFICIENCY OF THE SMALL LOOP
5.4 CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES FOR SMALL TRANSMITTING LOOPS
5.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Multielement Arrays
6.1 CREATING GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY
6.1.1 DEFINITIONS
6.1.2 MUTUAL IMPEDANCE
6.1.3 MUTUAL IMPEDANCE AND GAIN
6.1.4 GAIN AND ARRAY DIMENSIONS
6.2 DRIVEN ARRAYS
6.2.1 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION IN PHASED ARRAYS
6.3 PHASED ARRAY TECHNIQUES
6.3.1 OVERVIEW
6.3.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHASED ARRAYS
6.3.3 FEEDING PHASED ARRAYS
6.3.4 COMMON PHASED ARRAY FEED SYSTEMS
6.3.5 RECOMMENDED FEED METHODS FOR AMATEUR ARRAYS
6.4 PHASED ARRAY DESIGN EXAMPLES
6.4.1 GENERAL ARRAY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
6.4.2 90° FED, 90° SPACED VERTICAL ARRAY
6.4.3 A THREE-ELEMENT BINOMIAL BROADSIDE ARRAY
6.4.4 A FOUR-SQUARE ARRAY
6.4.5 A 4-ELEMENT RECTANGULAR ARRAY
6.4.6 120° FED, 60° SPACED DIPOLE ARRAY
6.4.7 CROSSFIRE RECEIVING ARRAY
6.5 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF PHASED ARRAY DESIGN
6.5.1 ADJUSTING PHASED ARRAY FEED SYSTEMS
6.5.2 DIRECTIONAL SWITCHING OF ARRAYS
6.5.3 MEASURING THE ELECTRICAL LENGTH OF FEED LINES
6.5.4 MEASURING ELEMENT SELF AND MUTUAL IMPEDANCES
6.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A — EZNEC EXAMPLES
Log-Periodic Dipole Arrays
7.1 BASIC LPDA DESIGN
7.1.1 LPDA DESIGN AND COMPUTERS
7.1.2 LPDA BEHAVIOR
7.1.3 FEEDING AND CONSTRUCTING THE LPDA
7.1.4 SPECIAL DESIGN CORRECTIONS
7.1.5 BAND-OPTIMIZED LPDA (BOLPA)
7.2 DESIGNING AN LPDA
7.3 LPDA HF PROJECTS
7.3.1 LPDA FOR 3.5 OR 7 MHZ
7.3.2 LPDA FOR 13 TO 30 MHz
7.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Antenna Modeling
8.1 OVERVIEW: ANTENNA ANALYSIS BY COMPUTER
8.1.1 A SHORT HISTORY OF ANTENNA MODELING
8.1.2 COMPARING NEC-2 TO NEC-4
8.2 THE BASICS OF ANTENNA MODELING
8.2.1 PROGRAM OUTPUTS
8.2.2 PROGRAM INPUTS: WIRE GEOMETRY
8.2.3 THE MODELING ENVIRONMENT
8.2.4 REVISITING SOURCE SPECIFICATION
8.2.5 LOADS
8.2.6 ACCURACY TESTS
8.2.7 OTHER POSSIBLE MODEL LIMITATIONS
8.2.8 NEAR-FIELD OUTPUTS
8.3 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Amateur Radio Literature
Professional Literature
Single-Band MF and HF Antennas
9.1 HORIZONTAL ANTENNAS
9.1.1 DIPOLE ANTENNAS
9.1.2 INVERTED-V DIPOLE
9.1.3 SLOPING DIPOLES
9.1.4 END-FED ZEPP
9.1.5 FOLDED DIPOLES
9.1.6 BROADBAND DIPOLES
9.2 VERTICAL ANTENNAS
9.2.1 THE HALF-WAVE VERTICAL DIPOLE (HVD)
9.2.2 MONOPOLE VERTICALS WITH GROUND-PLANE RADIALS
9.2.3 GROUND-PLANE ANTENNAS
9.2.4 THE 3/8- VERTICAL
9.2.5 VERTICALS FOR 3.5 AND 1.8 MHz
9.2.6 ELEVATED GROUND-PLANE ANTENNAS
9.3 LOADING TECHNIQUES FOR SHORT ANTENNAS
9.3.1 SHORT VERTICAL ANTENNAS
9.3.2 EFFICIENCY OF SHORT VERTICALS
9.3.3 BASE LOADING
9.3.4 CAPACITIVE TOP-LOADING
9.3.5 GENERAL RULES FOR LOADING VERTICAL ANTENNAS
9.3.6 LINEAR LOADING
9.3.7 INDUCTIVELY LOADED DIPOLES
9.4 INVERTED-L AND T ANTENNAS
9.4.1 TOWER-BASED INVERTED-L
9.4.2 T ANTENNAS
9.5 HALF-SLOPER ANTENNAS
9.5.1 1.8-MHZ HALF-SLOPERS USING TOWERS
9.6 LF AND MF ANTENNAS
9.6.1 EFFICIENCY OF VERY SHORT VERTICALS
9.6.2 CAPACITIVE TOP-LOADING
9.6.3 MORE COMPLICATED TOP-LOADING
9.6.4 CONDUCTOR LOSS, R
9.6.5 LOADING INDUCTOR PLACEMENT
9.6.6 GROUNDED TOWER VERTICALS FOR LF/MF
9.6.7 LOOP ANTENNAS AT MF
9.6.8 LF/MF GROUND SYSTEMS
9.7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Multiband HF Antennas
10.1 SIMPLE WIRE ANTENNAS
10.1.1 RANDOM-WIRE ANTENNAS
10.1.2 END-FED ANTENNAS
10.1.3 CENTER-FED ANTENNAS
10.1.4 THE 135-FOOT, 80 TO 10 METER DIPOLE
10.1.5 THE G5RV AND RELATED MULTIBAND ANTENNAS
10.1.6 THE WINDOM AND CAROLINA WINDOM
10.1.7 OFF-CENTER-FED (OCF) DIPOLES
10.1.8 MULTIPLE-DIPOLE ANTENNAS
10.1.9 HORIZONTAL LOOP “SKYWIRE”
10.2 TRAP DIPOLES
10.2.1 TRAP LOSSES
10.2.2 FIVE-BAND W3DZZ TRAP ANTENNA
10.2.3 W8NX MULTIBAND, COAX-TRAP DIPOLES
10.3 THE TERMINATED FOLDED DIPOLE
10.4 MULTIBAND VERTICAL ANTENNAS
10.4.1 FULL-SIZE VERTICAL ANTENNAS
10.4.2 TRAP VERTICALS
10.4.3 A FIVE-BAND VERTICAL DIPOLE
10.4.4 A FAN VERTICAL
10.4.5 A DUAL-BAND VERTICAL FOR 80 AND 160
10.4.6 HF DISCONE ANTENNAS
10.5 THE COUPLED-RESONATOR DIPOLE
10.5.1 THE COUPLED-RESONATOR PRINCIPLE
10.5.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF COUPLED- RESONATOR (C-R) ANTENNAS
10.5.3 A C-R DIPOLE FOR 30/17/12 METERS
10.6 LOOP ANTENNAS
10.6.1 A VERTICALLY POLARIZED QUAD LOOP FOR 7 MHZ
10.6.2 A VERTICALLY POLARIZED DELTA LOOP FOR 14 MHZ
10.6.3. TWO-BAND LOOP FOR 30 AND 40 METERS
10.6.4 NESTED LOOP ANTENNAS FOR MULTIPLE BANDS
10.6.5. MULTIBAND “CAT WHISKERS” LOOP FOR 14-30 MHZ
HF Yagi and Quad Antennas
11.1 YAGI ANTENNAS
11.1.1 HOW A YAGI WORKS — AN OVERVIEW
11.1.2 YAGI MODELING
11.2 YAGI PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
11.2.1 YAGI GAIN
11.2.2 RADIATION PATTERN MEASUREMENTS
11.2.3 FEED POINT IMPEDANCE AND SWR
11.3 MONOBAND YAGI PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION
11.3.1 YAGI DESIGN GOALS
11.3.2 GAIN AND BOOM LENGTH
11.3.3 OPTIMIZED DESIGNS AND ELEMENT SPACING
11.3.4 ELEMENT TUNING
11.4 MONOBAND YAGI DESIGNS
11.4.1 10 METER YAGIS
11.4.2 12 METER YAGIS
11.4.3 15 METER YAGIS
11.4.4 17 METER YAGIS
11.4.5 20 METER YAGIS
11.4.6 30 METER YAGIS
11.4.7 40 METER YAGIS
11.4.8 MODIFYING MONOBAND HY-GAIN YAGIS
11.5 MULTIBAND YAGIS
11.6 SHORTENING YAGI ELEMENTS
11.7 THE MOXON RECTANGLE
11.7.1 40 METER MOXON RECTANGLE
11.8 QUAD ANTENNAS
11.8.1 QUADS VERSUS YAGIS
11.8.2 MULTIBAND QUADS
11.8.3 BUILDING A QUAD
11.9 TWO MULTIBAND QUAD DESIGNS
11.9.1 A FIVE-ELEMENT, 26-FOOT BOOM TRIBAND QUAD
11.9.2 A TWO-ELEMENT, 8-FOOT BOOM PENTABAND QUAD
11.10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Broadside and End-Fire Arrays
12.1 BROADSIDE ARRAYS
12.1.1 COLLINEAR ARRAYS
12.1.2 TWO-ELEMENT ARRAYS
12.1.3 THREE- AND FOUR-ELEMENT ARRAYS
12.1.4 COLLINEAR ARRAY ADJUSTMENT
12.1.5 THE EXTENDED DOUBLE ZEPP
12.1.6 THE STERBA CURTAIN
12.2 PARALLEL BROADSIDE ARRAYS
12.2.1 POWER GAIN
12.2.2 DIRECTIVITY
12.3 OTHER FORMS OF BROADSIDE ARRAYS
12.3.1 NON-UNIFORM ELEMENT CURRENTS
12.3.2 HALF-SQUARE ANTENNA
12.3.3 BOBTAIL CURTAIN
12.3.4 THE BRUCE ARRAY
12.3.5 FOUR-ELEMENT BROADSIDE ARRAY
12.3.6 THE BI-SQUARE ANTENNA
12.4 END-FIRE ARRAYS
12.4.1 TWO-ELEMENT END-FIRE ARRAY
12.4.2 THE W8JK ARRAY
12.4.3 FOUR-ELEMENT END-FIRE AND COLLINEAR ARRAYS
12.4.4 FOUR-ELEMENT DRIVEN ARRAYS
12.4.5 EIGHT-ELEMENT DRIVEN ARRAYS
12.4.6 PHASING ARROWS IN ARRAY ELEMENTS
12.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Long-Wire and Traveling-Wave Antennas
13.1 OVERVIEW
13.1.1 LONG WIRES VERSUS MULTIELEMENT ARRAYS
13.1.2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LONG-WIRE ANTENNAS
13.1.3 FEEDING LONG WIRES
13.2 COMBINATIONS OF LONG WIRES
13.2.1 PARALLEL WIRES
13.2.2 THE V-BEAM ANTENNA
13.3 THE RESONANT RHOMBIC ANTENNA
13.4 TERMINATED LONG-WIRE ANTENNAS
13.4.1 THE TERMINATED RHOMBIC ANTENNA
13.5 PROJECT: FOUR-WIRE STEERABLE V BEAM FOR 10 THROUGH 40 METERS
13.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
HF Antenna System Design
14.1 SYSTEM DESIGN BASICS
14.1.1 DESIRES AND LIMITATIONS
14.1.2 SITE PLANNING
14.1.3 INITIAL ANALYSIS
14.1.4 BUILDING A SYSTEM PLAN
14.1.5 MODELING INTERACTIONS
14.1.6 COMPROMISES
14.1.7 SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLES
14.1.8 EMPIRICAL TESTING
14.2 PROPAGATION AND COVERAGE
14.2.1 ELEVATION ANGLES FOR LOW-BAND DXING
14.2.2 NVIS COMMUNICATION
14.3 EFFECTS OF LOCAL TERRAIN
14.3.1 CHOOSING A QTH FOR DX
14.3.2 REQUIRED RANGE OF ELEVATION ANGLES
14.3.3 DRAWBACKS OF COMPUTER MODELS OVER REAL TERRAIN
14.3.4 RAY-TRACING OVER UNEVEN LOCAL TERRAIN
14.3.5 SIMULATION EXAMPLES
14.3.6 USING HFTA
14.4 STACKING YAGIS AND SWITCHING SYSTEMS
14.4.1 STACKS AND GAIN
14.4.2 STACKS AND WIDE ELEVATION COVERAGE
14.4.3 ELIMINATING DEEP NULLS
14.4.4 STACKING DISTANCES BETWEEN YAGIS
14.4.5 RADIATION OUTSIDE THE MAIN LOBE
14.4.6 REAL-WORLD TERRAIN AND STACKS
14.4.7 STACKING TRIBANDERS
14.4.8 STACKING DISSIMILAR YAGIS
14.4.9 THE WX B APPROACH TO STACK SWITCHING
14.4.10 TRANSMISSION LINE STACK MATCHING BY K1EA
14.4.11 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas
15.1 DESIGN FACTORS AT AND ABOVE VHF
15.2 BASIC ANTENNAS FOR VHF AND UHF
15.2.1 GROUND-PLANES AND DIPOLES
15.2.2 THE J-POLE ANTENNA
15.2.3 COLLINEAR AND CURTAIN ARRAYS
15.3 YAGIS AND QUADS AT VHF AND UHF
15.3.1 CONSTRUCTING VHF AND UHF YAGIS
15.3.2 YAGIS FOR 50 MHZ
15.3.3 UTILITY YAGIS FOR 144 MHZ AND 432 MHZ
15.3.4 CHEAP YAGIS BY WA5VJB
15.3.5 HIGH-PERFORMANCE YAGI DESIGN
15.3.6 QUAGI ANTENNAS
15.3.7 LOOP YAGIS
15.3.8 QUADS FOR VHF
15.4. LOG-PERIODIC AND DISCONE ANTENNAS
15.5 REFLECTOR ANTENNAS
15.5.1 CORNER REFLECTORS
15.5.2 TROUGH REFLECTORS
15.6 HELICAL ANTENNAS
15.7 MICROWAVE ANTENNAS
15.7.1 MICROWAVE ANTENNA CAVEATS
15.7.2 WAVEGUIDES
15.7.3 HORN ANTENNAS
15.7.4 PARABOLIC DISH ANTENNAS
15.7.5 VIVALDI ANTENNAS
15.7.6 PATCH ANTENNAS
15.7.7 PERISCOPE ANTENNA SYSTEMS
15.7.8 OMNIDIRECTIONAL MICROWAVE ANTENNAS
15.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
VHF and UHF Mobile and Rover Antennas
16.1 ANTENNAS FOR VHF-UHF FM
16.1.1 ANTENNAS FOR HANDHELD TRANSCEIVERS
16.1.2 MOBILE WHIPS
16.2 MOUNTS FOR WHIP ANTENNAS
16.3 PROJECT: BICYCLE MOBILE ANTENNAS FOR VHF AND UHF
16.4 PROJECT: BIG WHEEL FOR TWO METERS
16.5 HALO FOR SIX METERS
16.6 ROVER ANTENNA SYSTEMS
16.6.1 ROVER ANTENNA SELECTION
16.6.2 HALOS AS ROVER ANTENNAS
16.6.3 ROVER ANTENNA SUPPORTS
16.6.4 MISCELLANEOUS ROVER NOTES
16.7 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Antennas for Space Communications
17.1 SPACE COMMUNICATION ANTENNA SYSTEMS
17.1.1 ANTENNA SYSTEMS FOR SATELLITES
17.1.2 ANTENNA SYSTEMS FOR EARTH-MOON-EARTH (EME)
17.2 CIRCULARLY POLARIZED ANTENNAS
17.2.1 CROSSED LINEAR ELEMENTS
17.2.2 THE EGGBEATER ANTENNA
17.2.3 THE TURNSTILE ANTENNA
17.2.4 THE LINDENBLAD ANTENNA
17.2.5 THE QUADRIFILAR HELIX (QFH)
17.2.6 HELICAL ANTENNAS
17.3 YAGI ARRAYS
17.3.1 ARRAYS FOR SATELLITES
17.3.2 ARRAYS FOR EME
17.4 PARABOLIC REFLECTOR (DISH) ANTENNAS
17.4.1 SHF EME CHALLENGES FOR DISHES
17.4.2 DISH ANTENNAS FOR SATELLITES
17.5 ANTENNA POSITION CONTROL
17.5.1 POSITION CONTROLLERS
17.5.2 ELEVATION CONTROL
17.5.3 WRAPS: A PORTABLE SATELLITE ANTENNA POSITIONING SYSTEM
17.5.4 SatNOGS
17.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
VHF, UHF and Microwave Antenna Systems
18.1 TRANSMISSION LINES AND DEVICES
18.1.1 PC TRANSMISSION LINES
18.1.2 MICROWAVE SWITCHES AND RELAYS
18.1.3 CIRCULATORS AND ISOLATORS
18.1.4 POWER DIVIDERS
18.2 IMPEDANCE MATCHING
18.2.1 UNIVERSAL STUB
18.2.2 DELTA MATCH
18.2.3 GAMMA AND T MATCHES
18.2.4 FOLDED DIPOLE
18.2.5 BETA OR HAIRPIN MATCH
18.3 BALUNS
18.4 STACKING YAGIS
18.4.1 STACKING YAGIS FOR DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES
18.4.2 STACKING SAME-FREQUENCY YAGIS
18.4.3 STACKING STACKS OF DIFFERENT- FREQUENCY YAGIS
18.5 WEATHERPROOFING RELAYS AND PREAMPLIFIERS
18.6 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Portable Antennas
19.1 HORIZONTAL ANTENNAS
19.1.1 ZIP-CORD ANTENNAS AND FEED LINES
19.1.2 END-FED HALF-WAVE
19.1.3 PORTABLE INVERTED V ANTENNA
19.1.4 PORTABLE WHIP DIPOLES
19.1.5 OFF-CENTER END FED (OCEF) DIPOLE FOR 40 TO 6 METERS
19.2 VERTICAL ANTENNAS
19.2.1 TREE-MOUNTED HF GROUND-PLANE ANTENNA
19.2.2 HF VERTICAL TRAVEL ANTENNA
19.2.3 MULTI-SECTION MULTI-BAND HF DIPOLE
19.2.4 FIVE-BAND PORTABLE VERTICAL ANTENNA
19.3 BEAM ANTENNAS
19.3.1 PORTABLE 6 METER BEAMS
19.3.2 2-ELEMENT 20/15/10 METER TRIBAND YAGI
19.3.3 15 METER AND 17 METER BEAMS
19.4 PORTABLE MASTS AND SUPPORTS
19.4.1 GETTING THE ANTENNA ALOFT
19.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Stealth and Limited Space Antennas
20.1 INSTALLATION SAFETY
20.1.1 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
20.1.2 PERSONAL SAFETY
20.1.3 RF SAFETY
20.2 LOCATIONS FOR ANTENNAS
20.3 RF INTERFERENCE
20.4 INDOOR ANTENNAS
20.4.1 INDOOR HF WIRE ANTENNAS
20.4.2 MOBILE HF ANTENNAS INDOORS
20.4.3 INDOOR VHF AND UHF ANTENNAS
20.5 OUTDOOR ANTENNAS
20.5.1 INVISIBLE ANTENNAS
20.5.2 DISGUISED ANTENNAS
20.5.3 MODIFIED TV ANTENNAS
20.6 SMALL TRANSMITTING LOOPS
20.7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mobile and Maritime HF Antennas
21.1 HF MOBILE ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS
21.1.1 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TYPICAL MOBILE ANTENNA
21.1.2 LOADING A SHORT MOBILE ANTENNA
21.1.3 RADIATION RESISTANCE OF A SHORT MOBILE ANTENNA
21.1.4 OPTIMUM LOADING COIL INDUCTANCE AND PLACEMENT
21.1.5 RADIATION EFFICIENCY
21.1.6 IMPEDANCE MATCHING
21.2 HF MOBILE ANTENNA TYPES
21.2.1 THE SCREWDRIVER ANTENNA
21.2.2 MONOBAND ANTENNAS
21.2.3 ANTENNA MOUNTING
21.2.4 MOBILE ANTENNA CONTROLLERS AND TUNERS
21.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR HF MOBILE ANTENNAS
21.4 HF ANTENNAS FOR SAIL AND POWER BOATS
21.4.1 PLANNING YOUR INSTALLATION
21.4.2 ANTENNA OPTIONS
21.4.3 THE EFFECT OF MAST AND RIGGING
21.4.4 ANTENNAS FOR POWER BOATS
21.4.5 GROUND SYSTEMS
21.4.6 ANTENNA TUNERS
Receiving and Direction- Finding Antennas
22.1 RECEIVING ANTENNAS
22.1.1 DIRECTIVITY AND COUPLING
22.1.2 THE BEVERAGE ANTENNA
22.1.3 BEVERAGE ON GROUND (BOG)
22.1.4 EWE ANTENNA
22.1.5 LF AND MF REVERSIBLE EWE
22.1.6 K9AY LOOP
22.1.7 FLAG AND PENNANT ANTENNAS
22.1.8 A RECEIVING LOOP FOR 1.8 MHz
22.1.9 ACTIVE ANTENNAS
22.1.10 RECEIVE ARRAYS
22.1.11 RECEIVING ANTENNAS BIBLIOGRAPHY
22.2 DIRECTION-FINDING ANTENNAS
22.2.1 RDF BY TRIANGULATION
22.2.2 DIRECTION-FINDING ANTENNAS
22.2.3 DIRECTION-FINDING ARRAYS
22.2.4 RDF SYSTEM CALIBRATION AND USE
22.2.5 A FRAME LOOP
22.2.6 A FERRITE-CORE LOOP FOR 160 METERS
22.2.7 A SIMPLE DIRECTION-FINDING SYSTEM FOR 80 METERS
22.2.8 THE DOUBLE-DUCKY VHF DIRECTION FINDER
22.2.9 A COMBINED YAGI — INTERFEROMETER VHF ANTENNA
22.2.10 A TAPE-MEASURE ELEMENT YAGI FOR 2 METERS
22.2.11 DIRECTION FINDING BIBLIOGRAPHY
Transmission Lines
23.1 BASIC THEORY OF TRANSMISSION LINES
23.1.1 CURRENT FLOW IN LONG LINES
23.1.2 VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION
23.1.3 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE
23.1.4 TERMINATED LINES
23.2 PRACTICAL TRANSMISSION LINES
23.2.1 ATTENUATION
23.2.2 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT
23.2.3 STANDING WAVES
23.2.4 ADDITIONAL POWER LOSS DUE TO SWR
23.2.5 LINE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
23.2.6 INPUT IMPEDANCE
23.2.7 SPECIAL CASES
23.2.8 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT ALONG A LINE
23.3 FEED LINE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
23.3.1 AIR-INSULATED LINES
23.3.2 PARALLEL-CONDUCTOR LINES
23.3.3 COAXIAL CABLES
23.4 RF CONNECTORS
23.4.1 UHF CONNECTORS
23.4.2 OTHER RF CONNECTORS
23.4.3 CONNECTOR IDENTIFIER AND RANGE CHART
23.5 CHOOSING AND INSTALLING FEED LINES
23.5.1 COMPARING FEED LINES
23.5.2 INSTALLING COAXIAL CABLE
23.5.3 INSTALLING PARALLEL-CONDUCTOR LINE
23.5.4 TESTING TRANSMISSION LINES
23.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Transmission Line System Techniques
24.1 COUPLING THE TRANSMITTER AND LINE
24.1.1 THE IMPEDANCE MATCHING SYSTEM
24.1.2 HARMONIC ATTENUATION
24.1.3 MYTHS ABOUT SWR
24.2 IMPEDANCE MATCHING NETWORKS
24.2.1 THE L-NETWORK
24.2.2 THE PI-NETWORK
24.2.3 THE T-NETWORK
24.2.4 THE TLW (TRANSMISSION LINE FOR WINDOWS) PROGRAM AND ANTENNA TUNERS
24.2.5 BALANCED ANTENNA TUNERS
24.2.6 GENERAL PURPOSE TUNER DESIGNS
24.3 TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM DESIGN
24.3.1 TRANSMISSION LINE IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMATION
24.3.2 TRANSMISSION LINE SELECTION
24.3.3 MEASURING TRANSMISSION LINE LOSS
24.3.4 ANTENNA TUNER LOCATION
24.3.5 TRANSMISSION LINE STUBS
24.3.6 TRANSMISSION LINE STUBS AS FILTERS
24.3.7 PROJECT: A FIELD DAY STUB ASSEMBLY
24.4 TRANSMISSION LINE MATCHING DEVICES
24.4.1 QUARTER-WAVE TRANSFORMERS
24.4.2 TWELFTH-WAVE TRANSFORMERS
24.4.3 SERIES-SECTION TRANSFORMERS
24.4.4 MULTIPLE QUARTER-WAVE SECTIONS
24.4.5 TRANSMISSION LINE TRANSFORMERS (TLT)
24.4.6 BROADBAND MATCHING TRANSFORMERS
24.5 MATCHING IMPEDANCE AT THE ANTENNA
24.5.1 ANTENNA IMPEDANCE
24.5.2 CONNECTING DIRECTLY TO THE ANTENNA
24.5.3 THE DELTA MATCH
24.5.4 FOLDED DIPOLES
24.5.5 THE T AND GAMMA MATCHES
24.5.6 THE OMEGA MATCH
24.5.7 THE HAIRPIN AND BETA MATCHES
24.5.8 MATCHING STUBS
24.5.9 RESONANT CIRCUIT MATCHING
24.6 COMMON-MODE TRANSMISSION LINE CURRENT
24.6.1 UNBALANCED COAX FEEDING A BALANCED ANTENNA
24.6.2 ASYMMETRICAL ROUTING OF THE FEED LINE
24.6.3 COMMON-MODE CURRENT EFFECTS ON DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS
24.7 CURRENT BALUNS, CHOKES, AND CHOKE BALUNS
24.7.1 CURRENT BALUNS
24.7.2 COILED-COAX CHOKE BALUNS
24.7.3 COAX-WOUND FERRITE CHOKES
24.7.4 USING FERRITE BEADS IN CHOKE BALUNS
24.7.5 MEASURING CHOKE BALUN IMPEDANCE
24.7.6 POWER DISSIPATION IN FERRITE TRANSMITTING CHOKES
24.7.7 DETERMINING BALUN POLARITY
24.8 TRANSMISSION-LINE BALUNS AND MATCHING DEVICES
24.8.1 DETUNING SLEEVES
24.8.2 QUARTER/THREE-QUARTER-WAVE BALUN
24.8.3 COMBINED BALUN AND MATCHING STUB
24.8.4 IMPEDANCE STEP-UP/STEP-DOWN BALUN
24.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Antenna Materials and Construction
25.1 WIRE FOR ANTENNA SYSTEMS
25.1.1 WIRE TYPES
25.1.2 WIRE SIZE AND TENSION
25.1.3 WIRE SPLICING AND CONNECTIONS
25.1.4 RADIAL SYSTEMS
25.2 ANTENNA INSULATORS
25.3 ANTENNAS OF ALUMINUM TUBING
25.3.1 SELECTING ALUMINUM TUBING
25.3.2 SOURCES OF ALUMINUM TUBING AND MOUNTING MATERIALS
25.3.3 CONSTRUCTION WITH ALUMINUM TUBING
25.4 OTHER MATERIALS FOR ANTENNA CONSTRUCTION
25.4.1 WOOD AND BAMBOO
25.4.2 PLASTICS
25.4.3 FIBERGLASS
25.5 HARDWARE
25.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Building Antenna Systems and Towers
26.1 SAFETY AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
26.1.1 FALL-ARREST EQUIPMENT
26.1.2 SAFELY CLIMBING A TOWER
26.1.3 WORKING SAFELY
26.1.4 SAFETY EQUIPMENT
26.1.5 INSURANCE
26.2 TREES AND MASTS
26.2.1 TREES
26.2.2 GROUND-MOUNTED MASTS AND POLES
26.2.3 MAST GUYING
26.3 TYPES OF TOWERS
26.3.1 ROOF-MOUNTED TOWERS
26.3.2 SELF-SUPPORTING TOWERS
26.3.3 GUYED TOWERS
26.4 ENGINEERING THE TOWER PROJECT
26.4.1 SITE PLANNING AND PERMITTING
26.4.2 SELECTING A TOWER
26.4.3 DESIGNING THE GUYS
26.4.4 DESIGNING THE BASE
26.4.5 DESIGNING THE ANTENNA MAST
26.5 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
26.5.1 THE TOWER TOOLBOX
26.5.2 SPECIALIZED TOWER TOOLS
26.5.3 USING A GIN POLE
26.5.4 ROPES AND ROPE CARE
26.5.5 KNOTS
26.5.6 PULLEYS
26.6 TOWER CONSTRUCTION
26.6.1 THE LXC PRIME DIRECTIVE
26.6.2 BASE EXCAVATION AND REBAR
26.6.3 CONCRETE FOR BASES
26.6.4 WORKING WITH GUY WIRES
26.6.5 BEFORE WORKING ON A TOWER
26.6.6 ASSEMBLING THE TOWER
26.7 RAISING AND LOWERING ANTENNAS
26.7.1 AVOIDING GUY WIRES
26.7.2 USING A TROLLEY OR TRAM SYSTEM
26.7.3 BUILDING ANTENNAS ON THE TOWER
26.8 NOTES ON CABLES AND CONNECTORS
26.8.1 COAXIAL CABLE
26.8.2 CONTROL CABLES
26.8.3 WEATHERPROOFING RF CONNECTORS
26.8.4 TAPE AND TIES
26.8.5 CABLE SUPPORT
26.9 ROTATORS
26.9.1 ROTATOR RATINGS
26.9.2 TYPES OF ROTATORS
26.9.3 ROTATOR INSTALLATION
26.9.4 ROTATOR CONTROL
26.9.5 ROTATOR WIRING
26.10 GROUNDING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION
26.10.1 STATION GROUNDING
26.10.2 LIGHTNING PROTECTION
26.10.3 ANTENNA FEED LINE PROTECTION BOX
26.11 CORROSION
26.11.1 ANTIOXIDANTS
26.11.2 RUST
26.12 GENERAL MAINTENANCE
26.12.1 ANNUAL INSPECTION
26.12.2 CRANK-UP MAINTENANCE
26.12.3 ROTATOR MAINTENANCE
26.12.4 WHEN SOMETHING FAILS
26.13 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A - DETERMINING ANTENNA AREAS AND WIND LOAD
APPENDIX B - CALCULATING THE REQUIRED MAST STRENGTH
Antenna and Transmission Line Measurements
27.1 LINE CURRENT AND VOLTAGE
27.1.1 RF VOLTMETERS
27.1.2 RF CURRENT METERS
27.1.3 RF AMMETERS
27.2 SWR MEASUREMENTS
27.2.1 BRIDGE CIRCUITS
27.2.2 SWR RESISTANCE BRIDGE
27.2.3 AVOIDING ERRORS IN SWR MEASUREMENTS
27.2.4 REFLECTOMETERS
27.3 RF POWER MEASUREMENT
27.3.1 DIRECTIONAL POWER/SWR METER
27.3.2 HIGH-POWER RF SAMPLERS
27.3.3 AN INEXPENSIVE VHF DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
27.3.4 RF STEP ATTENUATOR
27.4 FIELD STRENGTH METERS
27.4.1 PORTABLE FIELD STRENGTH METER
27.5 ANTENNA ANALYZER MEASUREMENTS
27.5.1 BASIC OPERATION
27.5.2 CALIBRATION
27.5.3 MEASURING ANTENNA IMPEDANCE
27.5.4 MEASURING COMPONENT VALUES
27.6 TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY
27.6.1 DIRECT METHOD TDR
27.7 VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER
27.7.1 S-PARAMETERS
27.7.2 RETURN LOSS
27.7.3 USING A VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER
27.8 ANTENNA FIELD MEASUREMENTS
27.8.1 FIELD MEASUREMENT BASICS
27.8.2 TEST SITE SET-UP AND EVALUATION
27.8.3 ABSOLUTE GAIN MEASUREMENT
27.8.4 RADIATION PATTERN MEASUREMENTS
27.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Antenna System Troubleshooting
28.1 ANTENNA SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING FOR BEGINNERS
28.1.1 BEFORE TESTING
28.1.2 INITIAL TESTING
28.1.3 ANTENNA SYSTEM TESTING
28.2 GUIDELINES FOR ANTENNA SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING
28.2.1 TEST MEASUREMENTS
28.2.2 MECHANICAL
28.2.3 PROXIMITY
28.2.4 FEED SYSTEM
28.2.5 MISUNDERSTANDINGS
28.3 ANALYZING AN ANTENNA PROBLEM
28.3.1 PART 1 — SWR
28.3.2 PART 2 — FEED SYSTEM AND ANTENNA ASSEMBLY
28.3.3 PART 3 — KEEPING RECORDS
28.3.4 PART 4 — HOME-MADE ANTENNAS
28.3.5 PART 5 — ON-AIR OBSERVATIONS
28.3.6 TROUBLESHOOTING HIGH SWR IN YAGI ANTENNAS
28.3.7 TROUBLESHOOTING HIGH SWR IN NON-YAGI ANTENNAS
28.3.8 YAGI FEED POINT IMPEDANCE NOTES
28.4 ANTENNA TUNER TROUBLESSHOOTING AND REPAIR
28.4.1 CONNECTORS
28.4.2 MANUAL ANTENNA TUNERS
28.4.3 AUTOMATIC ANTENNA TUNERS
28.4.4 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION
28.5 REFURBISHING ALUMINUM ANTENNAS
Repeater Antenna Systems
1 BASIC REPEATER CONCEPTS
1.1 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL POLARIZATION
1.2 TRANSMISSION LINES
1.3 MATCHING
2 REPEATER ANTENNA SYSTEM DESIGN
2.1 DETERMINING REPEATER COVERAGE AREA
2.2 THE REPEATER ANTENNA PATTERN
2.3 ISOLATION REQUIREMENTS
2.4 ISOLATION BY SEPARATE ANTENNAS
2.5 ISOLATION BY CAVITY RESONATORS
2.6 ISOLATION BY DUPLEXERS
3 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES
3.1 COUPLERS
3.2 DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES FOR REPEATERS
4 DETERMINING EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER (EIRP)
5 ASSEMBLING A REPEATER ANTENNA SYSTEM
5.1 FREQUENCY COORDINATION
5.2 RESOURCES FOR REPEATER BUILDERS
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
Glossary of Terms
ABBREVIATIONS
Length Conversions
Metric Equivalents
Gain Reference
Index
Project Index
Author Index
Supplemental Files