Applied Weed and Herbicide Science

Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
About the Editors
Aspects of Biology and Ecophysiology, Survival Mechanisms, and Weed Classifications
1 Introduction
2 Weed Concept and Characteristics
3 Origin and Evolution of Weeds
4 Positive and Negative Effects of Weeds
4.1 Positive Points
4.2 Negative Points
4.2.1 Direct Damage
4.2.2 Indirect Damage
5 Aggressiveness of Weeds
6 Reproduction, Dispersal, Dormancy and Weed Seed Bank
6.1 Reproduction
6.2 Dispersion
6.3 Dormancy
6.4 Seed Bank
7 Weeds Classification
7.1 Taxonomic Classification
7.2 Habitat Classification
7.3 Life Cycle Classification
7.4 Classification According to Growth Habit
8 Concluding Remarks
References
Weed Competition and Interference in Crops
1 Introduction
2 Competition
3 Competing Environmental Factors
3.1 Competition for Water
3.2 Competing for Nutrients
3.3 Competition for Light
3.4 Competition for CO2
4 Factors Affecting Weed-Crop Interference
4.1 Culture-Related Factors
4.2 Factors Related to the Weed Community
4.3 Environmental Factors
4.4 Coexistence Period
5 Experimental Methods for Studying Weed Competition and Interference in Crops
5.1 Additive Experiment
5.2 Replacement Series
5.3 Neighborhood Studies
5.4 Splitting the Competition
5.5 Critical Period of Weed Interference
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Parameters of the Phytosociological Survey to Evaluate the Abundance, Distribution, and Diversity of the Weed Community
1 Introduction
2 Methods for Phytosociology Evaluation
2.1 Methods of the Leaked Square
2.2 Relevé Method
2.3 Database Survey of Diaspores (Propagules and Seeds) of Weeds
3 Phytosociological Parameters
3.1 Frequency and Relative Frequency
3.2 Abundance and Relative Abundance
3.3 Density and Relative Density
3.4 Dominance and Relative Dominance
3.5 Importance Value Index (IVI)
3.6 Coverage Value (CV)
3.7 Similarity Index (SI)
3.8 Aggregation Pattern Indexes
3.9 Diversity Indices
3.10 Pielou Index (J)
4 Weed Mapping
5 Statistical Analyses Used in Phytosociology
6 Phytosociology in Weed Science
7 Key Concepts
8 Concluding Remarks
References
Methods of Control and Integrated Management of Weeds in Agriculture
1 Introduction
2 Preventive Management
2.1 Cleaning of Equipment and Machinery
2.2 Use of Certified Seeds and Seedlings
2.3 Cleaning of Irrigation Channels
2.4 Quarantine and Movement of Animals and Persons
2.5 Inspection of Manure and Seedling Clods
2.6 Windbreaker
3 Cultural Management
3.1 Crop Rotation and Succession
3.2 Spacing Variation
3.3 Planting Density
3.4 Green Cover
3.5 Crop Consortium
3.6 Crop-Livestock-Forest Integration
3.7 Season and Region of Planting
3.8 Use of Suitable Cultivars
3.9 Drip Irrigation System
3.10 Intercalate Culture
4 Physical Control
4.1 Mulching
4.1.1 Dead Cover
4.1.2 Plastic Cover
4.1.3 Biodegradable Cover
4.2 Controlled Fire
4.3 Flood
4.4 Electricity
5 Mechanical Control
5.1 Hand Pluck
5.2 Manual Weeding
5.3 Mowing (Manual or Mechanical)
5.4 Mechanized Cultivation
6 Biological Control
6.1 Classical or Inoculative Strategy
6.2 Inundative Strategy
6.3 Augmentative Strategy
7 Chemical Control
7.1 Brief History
7.2 Advantages in the Use of Herbicides
8 Integrated Weed Management (IWM)
9 Concluding Remarks
References
Retention, Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Herbicides in Plants
1 Introduction
2 Retention and Absorption of Herbicides by the Plant
2.1 Leaf Retention and Absorption
2.2 Absorption by the Stem
2.3 Absorption by Roots
3 Herbicide Translocation
3.1 Simplastic Translocation
3.2 Apoplastic Translocation
4 Herbicide Metabolization in Plants
4.1 Phase I: Chemical Modification of the Molecule
4.2 Phase II: Conjugation
4.3 Phase III: Kidnapping
5 Methods of Evaluating Herbicide Behavior in Plants
5.1 Absorption
5.2 Translocation
5.3 Metabolization
6 Radiometric Techniques for the Evaluation of Herbicide Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism by Plants
7 Key Concepts
8 Concluding Remarks
References
Induced Hormesis in Plants with Herbicide Underdoses
1 Introduction
2 Definition of Hormese
3 Hormetic Dose–Response of Herbicides in Cultivated Plants
4 Hormesis Mechanism in Plants
5 Effect of Hormesis on Weeds
6 Key Concepts
7 Concluding Remarks
References
Evolution of Weed Resistance to Herbicides
1 Introduction
2 Sensitivity, Tolerance, and Resistance
2.1 Simple Resistance
2.2 Cross-Resistance
2.3 Multiple Resistance
3 Factors That Favor the Emergence of Resistance
3.1 Selection Pressure
3.2 Genetic Variability
3.3 Evolution of Resistance
4 Diagnosis of Field Resistance
5 Resistance Confirmation
6 Mechanisms That Confer Resistance
7 Target Site Mechanisms
7.1 Changing the Site of Action
7.2 Overexpression of Enzymes
8 Non-target Site Mechanisms
8.1 Reduced Absorption and Differential Translocation
8.2 Increased Metabolism
8.3 Neutralization of Cytotoxic Compounds
9 Practices to Avoid Resistance
10 Evolution of Weed Resistance in Brazil
11 Integrated Management of Resistant Weeds
12 Key Concepts
13 Concluding Remarks
References
Genetically Modified Crops Resistant to Herbicides and Weed Control
1 Introduction
2 Impacts of the Use of Genetically Modified Crops Resistant to Herbicides
2.1 Positive Impacts
2.2 Negative Impacts
3 Genetically Modified Crops Resistant to Herbicides Approved for Commercialization in Brazil
3.1 Soybean
3.2 Cotton
3.3 Corn
4 Herbicide Resistance Mechanism in Genetically Modified Crops and Weed Control
4.1 Resistance to Glyphosate
4.2 Resistance to the Chemical Group of Imidazolinones
4.3 Resistance to Ammonium-Glufosinate
4.4 Resistance to 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase (HPPD) Inhibitor Herbicides
4.5 Resistance to 2,4-D
4.6 Resistance to 2,4-D and Chemical Group of Aryloxyphenoxypropionates (FOPs)
4.7 Dicamba Resistance
5 Herbicide-Resistant Voluntary Weeds
6 Relationship Between Genetically Modified Crops and Weed Resistance in Brazil
7 Future Perspectives of Genetically Modified Crops Resistant to Herbicides
8 Concluding Remarks
References
Index