There is a continued demand for well-trained and competent hydrogeologists, especially in the environmental sector. For decades, Fetter's Applied Hydrogeology has helped prepare students to excel in careers in hydrogeology or other areas of environmental science and engineering where a strong background in hydrogeology is needed. The text's long-standing tradition as a vital resource is further enhanced in the fifth edition by Kreamer’s added expertise. Stressing the application of mathematics to problem-solving, example problems throughout the book provide students the opportunity to gain a much deeper understanding of the material. Some important topics include the properties of aquifers, the principles of groundwater flow, water chemistry, water quality and contamination, and groundwater development and management. The addition of new case studies and end-of-chapter problems will strengthen understanding of the occurrence and movement of ground water in a variety of geological settings.
Not-for-sale instructor resource material available to college and university faculty only; contact publisher directly.
Author(s): C. W. Fetter, David Kreamer
Edition: 5
Publisher: Waveland Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 646
City: Long Grove
Title Page
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Chapter 1 - Water
1.1 Water
1.2 Hydrology and Hydrogeology
1.3 The Hydrologic Cycle
1.4 Energy Transformations
1.5 The Hydrologic Equation
Case Study: Mono Lake
1.6 Hydrogeologists
1.7 Applied Hydrogeology
1.8 The Business of Hydrogeology (What Do Hydrogeologists Do All Day?)
1.8.1 Application of Hydrogeology to Human Concerns
1.8.2 Business Aspects of Hydrogeology
1.8.3 Ethical Aspects of Hydrogeology
1.9 Sources of Hydrogeologic Information
1.10 International Organization for Standardization and Other National Standards Organizations
1.11 Working the Problems
1.12 Solving Problems Using Spreadsheets
Notation
Analysis
Problems
Notes
Chapter 2 - Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle
2.1 Evaporation
2.2 Transpiration
2.3 Evapotranspiration
2.4 Condensation
2.5 Formation of Precipitation
2.6 Measurement of Precipitation and Snow
2.7 Effective Depth of Precipitation
2.8 Events During Precipitation
2.9 Stream Hydrographs
2.9.1 Baseflow Recessions
2.9.2 Storm Hydrograph
2.9.3 Gaining and Losing Streams
2.10 Rainfall-Runoff Relationships
2.11 Duration Curves
2.12 Determining Groundwater Recharge from Baseflow
2.12.1 Seasonal Recession Method (Meyboom Method)
2.12.2 Recession Curve Displacement Method (Rorabaugh Method)
2.13 Measurement of Streamflow
2.13.1 Stream Gauging
2.13.2 Weirs
2.14 Manning Equation
Notation
Analysis
Problems
Notes
Chapter 3 - Properties of Aquifers
3.1 Matter and Energy (A Brief Review of Physics)
3.2 Porosity of Earth Materials
3.2.1 Definition of Porosity
3.2.2 Porosity and Classification of Sediments
3.2.3 Porosity of Sedimentary Rocks
3.2.4 Porosity of Plutonic and Metamorphic Rocks
3.2.5 Porosity of Volcanic Rocks
3.3 Specific Yield
3.4 Hydraulic Conductivity of Earth Materials
3.4.1 Darcy's Experiment
3.4.2 Hydraulic Conductivity
3.4.3 Permeability of Sediments
Case Study: Hydraulic Conductivity Estimates in Glacial Outwash
3.4.4 Permeability of Rocks
3.5 Permeameters
3.6 Water Table
3.7 Aquifers
3.8 Water-Table and Potentiometric Surface Maps
3.9 Aquifer Characteristics
3.10 Compressibility and Effective Stress
3.11 Homogeneity and Isotropy
3.12 Gradient of the Potentiometric Surface
Notation
Analysis
Problems
Notes
Chapter 4 - Principles of Groundwater Flow
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanical Energy
4.3 Hydraulic Head
4.4 Head in Water of Variable Density
4.5 Force Potential and Hydraulic Head
4.6 Darcy's Law
4.6.1 Darcy's Law in Terms of Head and Potential
4.6.2 The Applicability of Darcy's Law
4.6.3 Specific Discharge and Average Linear Velocity
4.7 Equations of Groundwater Flow
4.7.1 Confined Aquifers
4.7.2 Unconfined Aquifers
4.8 Solution of Flow Equations
4.9 Gradient of Hydraulic Head
4.10 Relationship of Groundwater Flow Direction to Grad h
4.11 Flow Lines and Flow Nets
4.12 Refraction of Flow Lines
4.13 Steady Flow in a Confined Aquifer
4.14 Steady Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer
Notation
Analysis
Problems
Notes
Chapter 5 - Groundwater Flow to Wells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Assumptions
5.3 Radial Flow
5.4 Computing Drawdown Caused by a Pumping Well
5.4.1 Flow in a Completely Confined Aquifer
5.4.2 Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquifer
5.4.3 Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer
5.4.4 Injection Wells and Managed Aquifer Recharge
5.5 Determining Aquifer Parameters from Time-Drawdown Data
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Steady-State Conditions
5.5.3 Nonequilibrium Flow Conditions
5.5.4 Nonequilibrium Radial Flow in a Leaky Aquifer with Storage in the Aquitard
5.5.5 Nonequilibrium Radial Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer
5.5.6 Effect of Partial Penetration of Wells
5.6 Slug Tests
5.6.1 Determination of Aquifer Parameters with Slug Tests
5.6.2 Overdamped Response Slug Tests
5.6.3 Underdamped Response Slug Test
5.6.4 General Observations on Slug-Test Analysis
5.7 Estimating Aquifer Transmissivity from Specific Capacity Data
5.8 Intersecting Pumping Cones and Well Interference
5.9 Effect of Hydrogeologic Boundaries
5.10 Aquifer-Test Design
5.10.1 Single-Well Aquifer Tests
5.10.2 Aquifer Tests with Observation Wells
Notation
Computer Notes
Analysis
Problems
Notes
Chapter 6 - Soil Moisture and Groundwater Recharge
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Porosity and Water Content of Soil
6.3 Capillarity and the Capillary Fringe
6.4 Pore-Water Tension in the Vadose Zone
6.5 Soil Water
6.6 Theory of Unsaturated Flow
6.7 Water-Table Recharge
Notation
Analysis
Problems
Notes
Chapter 7 - Regional Groundwater Flow
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Steady Regional Groundwater Flow in Unconfined Aquifers
7.2.1 Recharge and Discharge Areas
7.2.2 Groundwater Flow Patterns in Homogeneous Aquifers
7.2.3 Effect of Buried Lenses
7.2.4 Heterogeneous and Anisotropic Aquifers
7.3 Transient Flow in Regional Groundwater Systems
7.4 Noncyclical Groundwater
7.5 Springs
7.6 Geology of Regional Flow Systems
Case Study: Regional Flow Systems in the Great Basin
Case Study: Regional Flow Systems in the Coastal Zone of the Southeastern United States
Case Study: Regional Flow System of the High Plains Aquifer
Case Study: The Dakota Aquifer
7.7 Interactions of Groundwater and Lakes or Wetlands and Streams
Notation
Analysis
Problems
Notes
Chapter 8 - Geology of Groundwater Occurrence
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Unconsolidated Aquifers
8.2.1 Glaciated Terrane
Case Study: Hydrogeology of a Buried Valley Aquifer at Dayton, Ohio, USA
8.2.2 Alluvial Valleys
8.2.3 Alluvium in Tectonic Valleys
Case Study: Tectonic Valleys--San Bernardino Area, USA
8.3 Lithified Sedimentary Rocks
Case Study: Sandstone Aquifer of Northeastern Illinois-Southeastern Wisconsin, USA
8.3.1 Complex Stratigraphy
Case Study: The Iullemeden Basin and Aquifer System, Niger
8.3.2 Folds and Faults
Case Study: Faults as Aquifer Boundaries
8.3.3 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Case Study: Newark Basin Hydrogeology, USA
8.3.4 Carbonate Rocks
8.3.5 Coal and Lignite
8.4 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks
8.4.1 Intrusive Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks
8.4.2 Volcanic Rocks
Case Study: Volcanic Plateaus--Columbia River Basalts, USA
Case Study: Volcanic Domes--Hawaiian Islands, USA
8.5 Groundwater in Permafrost Regions
Case Study: Alluvial Aquifers--Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
8.6 Groundwater in Desert Areas
Case Study: Desert Hydrology--Azraq Basin, Jordan
8.7 Coastal-Plain Aquifers
8.8 Fresh-Water–Saline-Water Relations
8.8.1 Coastal Aquifers
8.8.2 Oceanic Islands
8.9 Tidal Effects
8.10 Groundwater Regions of the United States
8.10.1 Western Mountain Ranges
8.10.2 Alluvial Basins
8.10.3 Columbia Lava Plateau
8.10.4 Colorado Plateau and Wyoming Basin
8.10.5 High Plains
8.10.6 Nonglaciated Central Region
8.10.7 Glaciated Central Region
8.10.8 Piedmont-Blue Ridge Region
8.10.9 Northeast and Superior Uplands
8.10.10 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain
8.10.11 Southeast Coastal Plain
8.10.12 Alluvial Valleys
8.10.13 Hawaiian Islands
8.10.14 Alaska
8.10.15 Puerto Rico
Notation
Problems
Notes
Chapter 9 - Water Chemistry
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Units of Measurement
9.3 Types of Chemical Reactions in Water
9.4 Law of Mass Action
9.5 Common-Ion Effect
9.6 Chemical Activities
9.7 Ionization Constant of Water and Weak Acids
9.8 Carbonate Equilibrium
9.8.1 Carbonate Reactions
9.8.2 Carbonate Equilibrium in Water with Fixed Partial Pressure of CO2
9.8.3 Carbonate Equilibrium with External pH Control
9.9 Thermodynamic Relationships
9.10 Oxidation Potential
9.11 Ion Exchange
9.12 Isotope Hydrology
9.12.1 Stable Isotopes
9.12.2 Radioactive Isotopes and Other Methods Used for Age Dating
9.13 Major Ion Chemistry
9.14 Presentation of Results of Chemical Analyses
9.14.1 Piper Diagram
9.14.2 Stiff Pattern
9.14.3 Schoeller Semilogarithmic Diagram
Case Study: Chemical Geohydrology of the Floridan Aquifer System, USA
Notation
Analysis
Problems
Note
Chapter 10 - Water Quality and Groundwater Contamination
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Water-Quality Standards
10.3 Collection of Water Samples
10.4 Groundwater Monitoring
10.4.1 Planning Site Characterization and a Groundwater Monitoring Program
10.4.2 Installing Groundwater Monitoring Wells
10.4.3 Withdrawing Water Samples from Monitoring Wells
10.5 Vadose-Zone Monitoring
10.6 Mass Transport of Solutes and Contaminants
10.6.1 Introduction
10.6.2 Diffusion
10.6.3 Advection
10.6.4 Mechanical Dispersion
10.6.5 Hydrodynamic Dispersion
10.6.6 Retardation
10.6.7 Degradation of Organic Compounds
10.6.8 Facilitated Transport
10.6.9 Movement of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids
10.7 Groundwater Contamination
10.7.1 Introduction
10.7.2 Septic Tanks and Cesspools
10.7.3 Landfills
10.7.4 Chemical Spills and Leaking Underground Tanks
10.7.5 Mining
10.7.6 Other Sources of Groundwater Contamination
Case Study: Contamination from Uranium Tailings Ponds
10.8 Groundwater Restoration
10.8.1 Risk-Based Corrective Action
10.8.2 Source-Control Measures
10.8.3 Plume Treatment
10.8.4 Natural and Enhanced Bioremediation
10.9 Case History: Groundwater Contamination at at Superfund Site
10.9.1 Background
10.9.2 Geology
10.9.3 Hydrogeology
10.9.4 Groundwater Contamination
10.9.5 Site Remediation
10.10 Capture Zone Analysis
Notation
Analysis
Problems
Note
Chapter 11 - Groundwater Development and Management
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Dynamic Equilibrium in Natural Aquifers
Case Study: Deep Sandstone Aquifer of Northeastern Illinois, USA
11.3 Groundwater Budgets
11.4 Management of Potential Aquifers
11.5 Paradox of Safe Yield
11.6 Water Law
11.6.1 Legal Concepts
11.6.2 Laws Regulating Quantity of Surface Water in the United States
11.6.3 Laws Regulating Quantity of Groundwater in the United States
Case Study: Arizona's Groundwater Code
11.6.4 Laws Regulating the Quality of Water in the United States
Case Study: Wisconsin's Groundwater Protection Law
11.7 Artificial Recharge
11.8 Protection of Water Quality in Aquifers
11.9 Groundwater Mining and Cyclic Storage
11.10 Conjunctive Use of Ground and Surface Water
11.11 Global Water Issues and Initiatives
11.12 Global Water Voices, Languages, and Perspectives
Analysis
Notes
Chapter 12 - Field Methods
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fracture-Trace Analysis
12.3 Surficial Methods of Geophysical Investigations
12.3.1 Direct-Current Electrical Resistivity
12.3.2 Electromagnetic Conductivity
12.3.3 Seismic Methods
12.3.4 Ground-Penetrating Radar and Magnetometer Surveys
12.3.5 Gravity and Aeromagnetic Methods
12.3.6 Other Noninvasive or Minimally Invasive Field Assessment Techniques
12.4 Geophysical Well Logging
12.4.1 Caliper Logs
12.4.2 Temperature Logs
12.4.3 Single-Point Resistance
12.4.4 Resistivity
12.4.5 Spontaneous Potential
12.4.6 Nuclear Logging
Case Study: Use of Multiple Geophysical Methods to Determine the Extent and Thickness of a Critical Confining Layer
12.5 Hydrogeologic Site Evaluations
12.6 Responsibilities of the Field Hydrogeologist
12.7 Project Reports
Notation
Problems
Notes
Chapter 13 - Groundwater Models
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Applications of Groundwater Models
13.3 Data Requirements for Models
13.4 Finite-Difference Models
13.4.1 Finite-Difference Grids
13.4.2 Finite-Difference Notation
13.4.3 Boundary Conditions
13.4.4 Methods of Solution for Steady-State Case for Uniform (Δx = Δy)
Grid Spacing
13.4.5 Methods of Solution for the Transient Case
13.5 Finite-Element Models
13.6 Use of Published Codes
13.7 MODFLOW Basics
13.8 Geographical Information Systems
Analysis
Notes
Appendix 1 - Values of the function W(u) for various values of u
Appendix 2 - Values of the function F
Appendix 3 - Values of the functions W(u, r/B) for various values of u
Appendix 4 - Values of the Function H
Appendix 5 - Values of the functions Ko(x) and exp (x)Ko(x)
Appendix 6A - Values of the function W for water-table aquifers
Appendix 6B - Values of the function W for water-table aquifers
Appendix 7 - Table for length conversion
Appendix 8 - Table for area conversion
Appendix 9 - Table for volume conversion
Appendix 10 - Table for time conversion
Appendix 11 - Solubility products for selected minerals and compounds
Appendix 12 - Atomic weights and numbers of naturally occurring elements
Appendix 13 - Values of the error function of x
Appendix 14 - Absolute density and absolute viscosity of water
Appendix 15 - Downloads of AQTESOLV and Adobe Acrobat Reader
Appendix 16 - Conversion values for hydraulic conductivity
Table for flow conversion
Glossary
Answers
References
Index
