This multi-authored, multi-institutional, and multi-specialty based text is designed to inform and refresh practitioners who perform facial cosmetic surgery. Divided into three distinct sections for ease of use, the first section focuses exclusively on localized anesthesia for each region of the head and neck. Chapters focus on the techniques that best affect these regions with a chapter closing the first section, on managing potential anesthetic complications. The second section covers the regional anatomy of the face by offering high definition photos of cadaver dissections and anatomic illustrations to highlight pertinent muscle and bone structures. The third and final section combines the skills detailed in the first two sections and applies them to a variety of surgical, cosmetic procedures.
In an era of high demand for aesthetic procedures, this text provides a practical and comprehensive look at facial cosmetic surgery to ensure practitioners have the best information available for treating their patients. The editors have extensive academic experience and have authored multiple scientific publications, while the contributions included in the text have been written by experts and leaders in the field. Applied Head and Neck Anatomy for the Facial Cosmetic Surgeon is written for a multi-disciplinary audience including oral & maxillofacial surgeons, plastic surgeons, otolaryngologists, cosmetic surgeons, and dentists.
Author(s): Elie M. Ferneini, Michael T. Goupil, Margaret A. McNulty, Christine E. Niekrash
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 254
City: Cham
Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Local Anesthesia for Cosmetic Procedures
1: Overview of Local Anesthesia
Introduction
History of Local Anesthetics
Rationale for Local Anesthetic Use
Side Effects and Complications
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Molecular Structure
Potency
Onset
Duration of Action
Metabolism and Elimination
Topical Anesthesia
Vasoconstrictors: Pharmacology
Benefits of Vasoconstrictors
Risks of Vasoconstrictors
Vasoconstrictor Agents and Preparation
Vasoconstrictor Concentrations
Pharmacodynamics
Epinephrine
Levonordefrin
Pharmacokinetics
Epinephrine and Levonordefrin
Common Local Anesthetic Agents
Lidocaine
Articaine
Bupivacaine
Mepivacaine
Prilocaine
Advances in Local Anesthesia
Ultrasound Guidance
Elastomeric Infusion Pumps
Liposomal-Encapsulated Bupivacaine (Exparel®)
Kovanaze™
References
2: Intraoral Maxillary Local Anesthesia Techniques
Introduction
Armamentarium
Basic Injection Techniques
Anatomy of the Maxillary Division (V2) of the Trigeminal Nerve
Supraperiosteal Injection
Posterior Alveolar Nerve Block
Infraorbital Nerve Block
Greater Palatine Nerve Block
Nasopalatine Nerve Block
Maxillary Nerve Block
Summary
References
3: Intraoral Local Mandibular Anesthesia
Introduction
General Injection Principles
Anesthesia Basics
Improving Patient Comfort
Mandibular Block Techniques
Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) [3, 5]
Long Buccal Nerve Block (Supplemental to IANB)
Gow-Gates Mandibular Nerve Block
Vazirani-Akinosi Nerve Block
Accessory Mandibular Nerve Blocks
Incisive Nerve Block
Mylohyoid Block
Intraosseous
Summary
References
4: Transfacial Local Anesthesia Techniques
Introduction
Ophthalmic Nerve (V1) Blocks
Technique
Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Nerve Blocks
Maxillary Nerve (V2) Blocks
Technique
Maxillary Nerve Block
Infrazygomatic Approach to Maxillary Nerve Blockade
Suprazygomatic Approach to Maxillary Nerve Blockade
Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerve Block (Also Known as the Infraorbital Nerve Block)
Mandibular Nerve (V3) Blocks
Technique
Mandibular Nerve Block
Mental Nerve Block
Field Block for the Ear
Field Block for the Nose
Summary
References
5: Cervical (Neck) Local Anesthesia Techniques
Introduction
Armamentarium
Superficial Cervical (C2, C3) Block
Anatomy of the Cervical Plexus and Dermatome Distribution
Technique for Superficial Cervical Block
Mental Nerve Block
Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Technique for the Mental Nerve Block
Transcutaneous Approach
Transoral Approach
Chondrolaryngoplasty
Anatomy of Larynx
Summary
References
6: Management of Local Anesthetic Complications
Introduction
Systemic Complications
Psychogenic Reactions
Local Anesthetic Toxicity
Acquired Methemoglobinemia
Allergy
Complications with Use of Vasoconstrictor Additives
Potential Adverse Drug Interactions with Vasoconstrictors
Local Complications
Local Anesthetic Failure
Injection Pain and Transient Facial Blanching
Vascular Injury
Unintended Nerve Involvement (Paresthesia and Palsy)
Nerve Injury Following Local Anesthetic Injection
Ophthalmologic Complications
Localized Tissue Injury
Needle Breakage
Trismus
Summary
References
Part II: Regional Anatomy
7: Anatomy of the Integumentary System
Overview
Epidermis
Dermis
Epidermal Derivatives
Hair Follicles
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Sebaceous Glands
Innervation of the Skin
Tissue Layers of the Scalp
Changes in Aging Skin
Benign Neoplasms
8: Anatomy of the Periorbital Region
Superficial Anatomy of the Periorbital Region
Osteology of the Orbit
The Musculature of the Periorbital Region and the Orbit
Muscles of the Glabellar Region (Fig. 8.5)
Muscles of the Orbit
The Vasculature
The Innervation
Sensory Innervation (Fig. 8.9)
Motor Nerves
9: Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
The Nose
The Nasal Cartilages (Fig. 9.2)
The Nasal Septum
Nasal Cavities
Innervation
Blood Supply of External Nose
Blood Supply of Internal Nose
Paranasal Sinuses (Fig. 9.6)
Frontal Sinus
Ethmoid Air Cells
Sphenoid Sinus
Maxillary Sinus
10: Anatomy of the External Ear
Overview
External Ear
The Auricle
The External Auditory Canal
The Lateral Surface of the Temporal Bone
The Tympanic Membrane
11: Anatomy of the Perioral Region
Anatomy of the Perioral Region
Lips
Musculature
Elevators of the Upper Lip
Depressors of the Lower Lip
Buccinator
Modiolus
Motor Innervation
Sensory Innervation
Arterial Blood Supply
Venous Drainage
12: Anatomy of the Neck
Superficial Anatomy of the Neck
Emergency Airway Access: Cricothyroidotomy
Visceral Structures of the Neck
The Thyroid Gland
The Parathyroid Glands
The Submandibular Salivary Gland
Muscles of the Neck
Platysma
The Posterior Triangle
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
Trapezius Muscle
Levator Scapulae Muscle
Posterior Scalene Muscle
Middle Scalene Muscle
Anterior Scalene Muscle
Anterior Triangle
Infrahyoid Group
Omohyoid Muscle
Sternohyoid Muscle
Sternothyroid Muscle
Thyrohyoid Muscle
Stylohyoid Muscle
Suprahyoid Group
Digastric Muscle
Mylohyoid Muscle
Geniohyoid Muscle
Stylohyoid Muscle
Actions of Suprahyoid Muscles
Fascia of the Neck
Nerves of the Neck
Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Cervical Nerves
Facial Nerve (CN VII) Branches
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Vagus Nerve
The Cervical Sympathetic Trunk
Hypoglossal Nerve
Arteries of the Neck
Branches of the Subclavian Artery (Fig. 12.10)
Carotid Artery Branches in the Neck
Carotid Body
Carotid Sinus
Veins of the Neck
13: Anatomy of the Superficial Face: Muscles of Face and Scalp, Superficial Vessels and Nerves, Major Salivary Glands
Muscles of Facial Expression
Overview of Superficial Sensory Nerves of the Face
Superficial Motor Nerves to the Muscles of Facial Expression
Overview of Superficial Vessels of the Face
The Major Salivary Glands
Functions of Saliva
Parotid Gland
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual Gland
14: Muscles of Mastication and the Temporomandibular Joint
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
Innervated by mandibular division of trigeminal The Temporomandibular Joint
Articular Fossa
Part III: Surgical Anatomy
15: Neuromodulators (Botox)
Introduction
Pharmacology of Botulinum Toxin
BTX-A and BTX-B Production
Dilution Technique
Indications/Contraindications/Adverse Events
Adverse Effects of BTX-A Treatment
Injection Technique
Chemical Brow Lift or Brow Elevation
Bunny Lines
Mentalis
Platysmal Bands
Depressor Anguli Oris
Upper Lip/Perioral Rhytids
Posttreatment Instructions
Longevity of Effect
Patient Evaluation
Crow’s Feet/Periorbital Rhytids
Glabella
Non-cosmetic Indications
Complications
Bibliography
16: Facial Fillers
Introduction
Anatomy
Upper Face
Midface
Lower Face
Materials
Techniques
Periorbital
Nose
Cheek
Nasolabial Fold
Lips
Chin/Jaw
Complications
Conclusion
References
17: Facial Resurfacing
Background
Pre-procedure Considerations
Procedural Technique
Rehabilitation and Recovery
Summary
Bibliography
18: Forehead and Eyebrow Lift Techniques
Anatomic and Esthetic Considerations
Bone Anatomy
Muscle and Fascial Anatomy
Vessel and Nerve Anatomy
Endoscopic Anatomy
Preoperative Evaluation and Surgical Preparation
Endoscopic Forehead and Brow Lift Technique
Postoperative Care
Complications
Summary
References
19: Facelift
Introduction
Anatomy
Anatomic Layers
Facial Nerve and Muscle Innervation
Muscles and Ligaments
Vascular Supply
Venous Drainage
Retaining Ligaments
Other Important Anatomic Considerations
Facelift Techniques
Summary
References
20: Applied Anatomy in Blepharoplasty
Introduction
Anatomical Consideration
Indications
Patient Evaluation
Anesthesia
Upper Lid Blepharoplasty
Lower Lid Blepharoplasty
Postoperative Care
Complications
Retrobulbar Hemorrhage
Infection
Blepharoptosis
Lid Malposition
Corneal Abrasion
Conclusion
References
21: Otoplasty
Introduction
Embryology
Anatomy of the Auricle
Aesthetic Considerations
Nonsurgical Otoplasty Techniques
Surgical Otoplasty Techniques
Cartilage-Sparing Techniques
Cartilage-Cutting Techniques
Combining Techniques
Correcting the Prominent Lobule
Complications
Aesthetic Complications
References
22: Chin Augmentation
Introduction
Anatomy
Preoperative Assessment
Anesthesia
Osseous Augmentation
Alloplastic Augmentation
Soft Tissue Filler Augmentation
Postoperative Management
Conclusion
References
23: Neck Lift
Introduction
Anatomical Considerations
Treatment Considerations
Perioperative Considerations
References
24: Hair Restoration
History of the Procedure
Indications for Hair Restoration Surgery
Contraindications for Hair Restoration Surgery
General Anatomy for Hair Restoration
The Scalp
The Hair Follicle
Vascular and Sensory Supply of the Scalp
Procedure and Anatomical Considerations
Graft Harvest
Graft Placement
Technique: Strip Technique for Follicular Unit Transplantation
Technique: Follicular Unit Extraction for Follicular Unit Transplantation
Technique: Recipient Site Preparation for Follicular Unit Transplantation
Summary
References
Appendix 1
Osteology
Anterior Surface of the Skull
Interior Base of the Skull
Exterior Base of Skull
Lateral Surface of the Skull
The Mandible
Cervical Vertebrae
The Hyoid Bone
Appendix 2
Major Blood Vessels of the Head and Neck
Subclavian Artery
Carotid Artery and Branches
Maxillary Artery
Venous Drainage
Appendix 3
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
Appendix 4
Trochlear (CN IV) and Abducent (CN VI) Nerves
Appendix 5
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Ophthalmic Division
Maxillary Division
Mandibular Division
Appendix 6
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Appendix 7
Cervical Plexus
Appendix 8
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Appendix 9
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
Appendix 10
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
Index
