Antioxidants

Front Cover
Antioxidants
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the editor
Preface
Chapter One: In silico study of natural antioxidants
1. Antioxidants
2. Natural antioxidants
2.1. Origins of natural antioxidants
2.2. Use of natural antioxidants in the meat products
2.3. Methods employed for the measurement of antioxidant activity
2.3.1. ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) assay
2.3.2. Photochemiluminescence (PCL) assay
2.3.3. FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay
2.3.4. CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) assay
2.3.5. TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) assay
2.3.6. DPPH (2,20-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) assay
2.3.7. β-Carotene-linoleic acid (linoleate) assay
3. Computer assisted study of natural antioxidant activities
3.1. QSAR studies
3.1.1. OECD principles
3.1.2. QSAR steps
3.1.3. QSAR of antioxidants
3.2. Molecular docking
3.3. Pharmacophore model
3.4. Integration method
4. Conclusion and future direction
References
Chapter Two: Hydrogen peroxide detoxification through the peroxiredoxin/thioredoxin antioxidant system: A look at the pan ...
1. The many roles of ROS in mammalian cells
2. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase
3. Catalytic mechanisms and isoforms of peroxiredoxins
4. Relevance to human disease: Roles of thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin in protecting pancreatic β-cells from oxidative damage
4.1. Oxidative stress in pancreatic β-cells
4.2. Protective roles of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in β-cells
4.3. Protective roles of peroxiredoxins in β-cells
5. Peroxiredoxin-mediated hydrogen peroxide signaling
6. Hydrogen peroxide signaling and β-cell function
Funding
References
Chapter Three: Molecular docking approaches and its significance in assessing the antioxidant properties in different com ...
1. Introduction
2. Molecular docking techniques
3. Docking strategies based on the flexibility and rigidity of interacting components
3.1. Systemic search techniques
3.2. Stochastic methods
4. Docking studies to evaluate antioxidant activity of compounds
5. Future scope of the work
6. Conclusion
References
Chapter Four: Scavengome of an antioxidant
1. Antioxidants and their mechanism of action: Introduction of the scavengome concept
2. Biomimetic oxidative chemistry: Exploring the scavengome
3. Oxidative transformations of selected antioxidants
3.1. Resveratrol (I)
3.2. Caffeic acid (II) and methyl caffeate (III)
3.3. Quercetin (IV)
4. Drug discovery value of the chemical metabolite space of I–IV
5. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Five: The antioxidant glutathione
1. Introduction
1.1. Hydrogen peroxide
1.2. Antioxidants
1.3. Oxidative distress and the redox equilibrium
2. Glutathione
2.1. Structure and synthesis
2.2. Degradation of glutathione
3. The many roles of glutathione as an antioxidant
3.1. Direct antioxidant action
3.2. Regeneration of vitamins E and C
3.3. Glutathione peroxidases
3.4. Glutathione S-transferases
3.5. Dicarbonyl stress and glyoxalases
3.5.1. Dicarbonyl stress
3.5.2. Glyoxalases
4. S-glutathionylation and role of glutathione in redox regulation
4.1. S-glutathionylation and redox regulation
4.2. Protein deglutathionylation
5. Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Six: Beneficial antioxidant effects of Coenzyme Q10 on reproduction
1. Introduction
2. CoQ10 supplementation promotes female reproductive health
2.1. Maternal age effect and oxidative stress
2.1.1. Experimental evidence
2.1.2. Clinical studies
2.1.3. Studies showing beneficial effects of CoQ10 on reprotoxicity
3. Potential pharmacologic interactions of CoQ10 supplementation
4. Conclusion
References
Chapter Seven: Antioxidants affect endoplasmic reticulum stress-related diseases
1. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
1.1. ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR)
2. ER stress and oxidative stress crosstalk
3. Antioxidants and regulation of the UPR
4. Antioxidants and ER stress-related diseases
4.1. Cancer
4.2. Metabolic syndrome
4.3. Neurodegenerative diseases
4.4. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)
5. Concluding remarks and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Eight: Hormone-linked redox status and its modulation by antioxidants
1. Introduction
2. Hormones, redox status, and antioxidant defense system
3. Methods to measure oxidative stress markers and their limitations
4. Hormones triggering oxidative stress and the role of antioxidant supplements
4.1. Thyroid hormones
4.1.1. Hypothyroidism
4.1.2. Hyperthyroidism
4.1.3. Role of antioxidants in different thyroid states
4.2. Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
4.2.1. Role of antioxidant treatment on aldosterone-induced changes in redox status
4.3. Glucocorticoids
4.3.1. Role of antioxidant treatment on glucocorticoid-induced redox status
4.4. Catecholamines
4.4.1. Role of antioxidants on catecholamine-induced changes in redox status
4.5. Testosterone
4.5.1. Role of antioxidants on testosterone-induced changes in redox status
5. Hormones exhibiting antioxidant properties
5.1. Estrogens
5.2. Progesterone
5.3. Glucagon
5.4. Insulin
5.5. Melatonin
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Nine: Ascorbic acid as antioxidant
1. Introduction
2. Chemical structure and bioavailability
3. Antioxidant properties
3.1. Suppressing the generation of free radicals
3.2. Ascorbic acid interaction with cellular antioxidants
3.3. ROS scavenging by ascorbic acid
3.4. Effect of ascorbic acid on the main antioxidant enzymes activity
3.5. Effect of ascorbic acid on transcription factors
4. Ascorbic acid and oxidative modifications
4.1. Oxidative damages reparation
4.2. Prevention lipid peroxidation
5. Ascorbic acid cooperation with other antioxidants
6. Summary
References
Chapter Ten: Free radicals, antioxidants, nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 and liver damage
1. Liver disease etiology
2. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in liver health and disease
3. Antioxidants in liver health and disease
3.1. Importance of nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) in the liver
3.2. The Nrf2 signaling pathway protects against inflammation and attenuates liver damage
4. Oxidative stress, Nrf2 and liver fibrosis
4.1. Oxidative stress promotes liver fibrogenesis
4.2. TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway of fibrosis
4.3. Increasing the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway may attenuate oxidative stress and hepatic fibrosis
5. Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgments
Funding
References
Chapter Eleven: Mechanisms of action of vitamin D in delaying aging and preventing disease by inhibiting oxidative stress
1. Introduction
2. The effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D supplementation on aging and age-related ...
2.1. Deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and lifespan
2.2. Insufficiency of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and bone aging and osteoporosis
2.3. Decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and muscle
2.4. Insufficiency of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and tumors
2.5. Decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and hypertension
2.6. Decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and reproductive function
2.7. Other abnormalities of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency
3. Mechanisms of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in reducing oxidative stress
3.1. 1,25(OH)2D/VDR and UCP-2/NF-κB
3.2. 1,25(OH)2D/VDR and Nrf2/Keap1
3.3. 1,25(OH)2D/VDR and Sirt1
3.4. 1,25(OH)2D/VDR and Bmi1
4. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on aging and age-related diseases and on oxidative stress parameters in humans
5. Controversies of the use of vitamin D supplementation in humans to reduce its anti-oxidant effect and ameliorate age-r ...
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Twelve: Antioxidant conjugated metal complexes and their medicinal applications
1. Introduction
2. Antioxidant conjugated metal complexes
2.1. Flavonoid metal complexes
2.2. α-Lipoic acid metal complexes
2.3. Curcumin metal complexes
3. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Thirteen: Natural–product–inspired bioactive alkaloids agglomerated with potential antioxidant activity: Recent a ...
1. Introduction
2. Mechanism of antioxidant potential and its evaluation methods
2.1. By ferric thiocyanate method (Kikuzaki
2.2. Ferric cyanide (Fe) reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP)
2.3. Cupric ion (Cu) reducing power: CUPRAC assay
2.4. Chelating activity on ferrous ions (Fe)
2.5. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity
2.6. DPPH free-radical scavenging activity
2.7. ABTS radical cation decolorization assay
2.8. Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity
Measurement of DMPD+ scavenging ability
2.10. β-carotene bleaching method
3. Structure-activity relationship studies of natural bioactive alkaloids agglomerated with potential antioxidant property
3.1. Diterpenoid alkaloid
3.2. Aporphine alkaloids
3.3. Indole alkaloid
3.4. Oxazine alkaloids
3.5. Isoquinoline alkaloids
3.6. Purine-based alkaloid
3.7. Imidazole alkaloids
3.8. Steroidal alkaloid
3.9. Pyridine and piperidine
3.9.1. Piperidine nitroxides
3.9.1.1. Substituted piperidines
3.9.1.2. N-acyl substituted piperidines
3.10. Pyrrolidine alkaloids
3.11. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
3.12. Quinoline alkaloid
3.13. Tropane alkaloids
4. Application of antioxidant potential of alkaloids (Table 1)
5. Summary
6. Conclusion
7. Future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Declarations
References
Further reading
Chapter Fourteen: Antioxidants: Structure–activity of plant polyphenolics
1. Introduction to polyphenolics
2. Polyphenolics as antioxidants
3. Potent key targets behind antioxidant therapies
3.1. Arthritis
3.2. Cancers
3.3. Diabetes
3.4. Inflammatory diseases
3.5. Ulcers
3.6. Neurological disorders
4. Structure–activity of plant metabolites
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Fifteen: Protein l-isoAspartyl Methyltransferase (PIMT) and antioxidants in plants
1. Introduction
2. Abiotic stress and reactive oxygen species
3. Antioxidants in plants
4. Protein l-isoAspartyl Methyltransferases
5. Role of PIMT in plants
5.1. PIMT maintains seed longevity and germination vigor
5.2. PIMT promotes stress adaption
6. PIMT and antioxidants
6.1. Superoxide dismutase
6.2. Catalase
7. Identification of isoAsp susceptible proteins
8. Conclusion
References
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