Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Ultraflexible Electrotextile Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Radio‐Frequency Coils
2.1 Introduction to MRI and the Basic Antenna Considerations
2.2 Motivations, Challenges, and Strategies for MRI RF Coil Design
2.2.1 Design Motivations and Challenges for MRI RF Coils
2.2.2 Design Strategies and Roadmap of MRI RF Coils
2.3 Selection, Fabrication, and Characterization of Electrotextiles for RF Coils
2.3.1 Selection and Fabrication of Flexible Material Candidate
2.3.2 Characterization of Electrotextiles
2.4 Design of Single‐Element Flexible RF Coil
2.4.1 RF Coil Element Design with a Rigid Material
2.4.2 RF Coil Element Design with Electrotextile Cloth
2.4.3 RF Coil Element Design with Tunable Circuitry
2.5 Design of Flexible RF Coil Array and System Integration with MRI Scanner
2.5.1 RF Coil Array Design and Characterization
2.5.2 RF Coil Array System Integration with MRI Scanner
2.6 Characterization of RF Coil Array
2.6.1 Characterization of RF Coil Array System with Phantom
2.6.2 Characterization of RF Coil Array System with Cadaver
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Wearable Sensors for Motion Capture
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Promise of Motion Capture
3.2.1 Healthcare
3.2.2 Sports
3.2.3 Human–Machine Interfaces
3.2.4 Animation/Movies
3.2.5 Biomedical Research
3.3 Motion Capture in Contrived Settings
3.3.1 Camera‐Based Motion Capture Laboratory
3.3.2 Electromagnetics‐Based Sensors
3.3.2.1 RADAR Based
3.3.2.2 Wi‐Fi Based
3.3.2.3 RFID Based
3.3.3 Magnetic Motion Capture System
3.3.4 Imaging Methods
3.3.5 Additional Sensors/Tools
3.3.5.1 Goniometers
3.3.5.2 Force Plates
3.4 Wearable Motion Capture (Noncontrived Settings)
3.4.1 Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs)
3.4.2 Bending/Deformation Sensors
3.4.2.1 Strain Based
3.4.2.2 Fiber Optics Based
3.4.3 Time‐of‐Flight (TOF) Sensors
3.4.3.1 Acoustic Based
3.4.3.2 Radio Based
3.4.4 Received Signal Strength‐based Sensors
3.4.4.1 Antenna Based
3.4.4.2 Magnetoinductive Sensors/Electrically Small Loop Antennas
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Antennas and Wireless Power Transfer for Brain‐Implantable Sensors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Implantable Antennas for Wireless Biomedical Devices
4.3 Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Devices
4.3.1 Inductive Power Transfer
4.3.2 Ultrasonic Power Transfer
4.3.3 Near‐Field Capacitive Power Transfer
4.3.4 Far‐Field Power Transfer
4.3.5 Computing the Fundamental Performance Indicators of Near‐Field WPT Systems Using Two‐Port Network Approach
4.4 Human Body Models for Implantable Antenna Development
4.4.1 Comparison of Human Head Phantoms with Different Complexities for Intracranial Implantable Antenna Development
4.5 Wirelessly Powered Intracranial Pressure Sensing System Integrating Near‐ and Far‐Field Antennas
4.5.1 Far‐Field Antenna for Data Transmission
4.5.2 Antenna for Near‐Field Wireless Power Transfer
4.6 Far‐Field RFID Antennas for Intracranial Wireless Communication
4.6.1 Split Ring Resonator‐Based Spatially Distributed Implantable Antenna System
4.6.2 LC‐Tank‐Based Miniature Implantable RFID Antenna
4.6.3 Antenna Prototype and Wireless Measurement
4.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 In Vitro and In Vivo Testing of Implantable Antennas
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Antenna Materials
5.2.1 Biocompatibility
5.2.2 Miniaturization
5.2.3 Biocompatible Conductors and Thin Films
5.2.4 Ports and Cables
5.3 Bench Top Testing
5.3.1 Ex Vivo Tissues
5.3.2 In Vitro Gels
5.3.2.1 Mixture and Characterization of Skin‐Mimicking Material
5.3.2.2 Mixture and Characterization of Adipose‐Mimicking Material
5.3.2.3 Mixture and Characterization of Muscle‐Mimicking Material
5.4 In Vivo Testing
5.4.1 Different Animal Models for Different Frequency Bands
5.4.2 Dielectric Mismatch
5.4.3 Practical Testing Concerns
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6 Wireless Localization for a Capsule Endoscopy: Techniques and Solutions
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Visual‐based Localization Method
6.1.2 Radio‐frequency Localization
6.1.3 Microwave Imaging
6.1.4 Magnetic Localization
6.2 Static Magnetic Localization
6.2.1 Model of the Target Magnet
6.2.2 Noise Cancellation and Sensor Calibration
6.2.3 Solving the Inverse Problem
6.2.4 Sensors Distribution
6.2.5 Conclusion of the Static Magnetic Localization
6.3 Modulated Magnetic Localization
6.3.1 Static Field Modulation
6.3.2 Inductive‐based Magnetic Localization
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Study on Channel Characteristics and Performance of Liver‐Implanted Wireless Communications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study of In‐Body Communications at Liver Area Using Simplified Multilayer Phantoms
7.2.1 UWB Antenna
7.2.2 Measurement Setup
7.2.3 Simulation Setup
7.2.4 Experimental and Numerical Results
7.2.4.1 S11 and S22 Results
7.2.4.2 S21 Results
7.3 Numerical Study of Liver‐Implanted Channel Characteristics Using Digital Human Models
7.3.1 Simulation Setup
7.3.2 Return Loss Results
7.3.3 S21 Results
7.3.4 Path Loss Results
7.4 The Influence of Antenna Misalignment
7.4.1 Simulation Setup
7.4.2 Study Results and Analysis
7.5 Channel Characteristics for the In‐ to Off‐Body Scenario
7.5.1 Simulation Setup
7.5.2 Return Loss Results
7.5.3 Path Loss Results for the In‐ to Off‐Body Scenario
7.6 System Performance Evaluation
7.6.1 Link Budget Evaluation and Analysis
7.6.1.1 In‐ to On‐Body Scenario
7.6.1.2 In‐ to Off‐Body Scenario
7.7 Electromagnetic Compatibility Evaluations
7.7.1 Analysis
7.7.2 SAR Results
7.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 High‐Efficiency Multicoil Wireless Power and Data Transfer for Biomedical Implants and Neuroprosthetics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Multicoil System to Achieve Efficient Power Transfer
8.2.1 Two‐Coil WPT Systems
8.2.2 Conventional Three‐Coil WPT System
8.2.3 Performance of the Two‐ and Three‐Coil Systems as a Function of RX Coil Size
8.2.4 Description of the Proposed Three‐Coil System
8.2.5 Efficient Use of Implanted Wire of the Coil in a Small RX Three‐Coil System
8.2.5.1 Circuit Technique Description
8.2.5.2 Testing the Technique: Comparison 1
8.2.6 Reducing Power Dissipation in the Implanted RX
8.2.6.1 Circuit Technique Description
8.2.6.2 Testing the Technique: Comparison 2
8.2.7 Design Procedure and the Advantages of the Proposed Three‐Coil System Over the Conventional Three‐Coil System Design
8.2.7.1 Design Procedure
8.2.7.2 Tolerance to Load Changes
8.2.7.3 Advantage 2: Reducing Currents in the Secondary Coil
8.2.7.4 K12 and Cm for Optimization of System Performance: Layout Design Advantages
8.2.7.5 Effects of Tissue and Tissue Parameters on the Power Delivery
8.2.8 Experiments: Measurements and Results
8.3 Justifying the Advantages of Using Multicoil WPT Systems for Data Transfer
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Wireless Drug Delivery Devices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Active and Passive Drug Delivery Devices
9.3 Capsule‐Mediated Active Drug Delivery Process
9.4 Transdermal and Implantable Devices
9.5 Micro‐ and Nanoscale Devices
9.6 Packaging and Integration of Components
9.7 Materials for Drug Delivery Devices
9.8 Organ‐Specific Drug Delivery Devices
9.9 Wireless Communication for Drug Delivery Devices
9.9.1 Microchips‐Mediated Drug Delivery Devices
9.9.2 Micropumps and Microvalves‐Mediated Drug Delivery Devices
9.9.3 Microrobots‐Mediated Drug Delivery
9.9.4 Material‐Mediated Drug Delivery
9.10 Carrier Types for Drug Delivery
References
Chapter 10 Minimally Invasive Microwave Ablation Antennas
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Overview of Microwave Ablation Therapy
10.1.2 Historical Development and Current Landscape of Research on MWA Antennas
10.1.3 Impact of Frequency on MWA Performance
10.1.4 Focus of this Chapter
10.2 Toward Length Reduction for Ablation Antennas: Demonstration of Higher Frequency Microwave Ablation
10.2.1 Electromagnetic Evaluation of Microwave Ablation Antennas Operating in the 1.9–18‐GHz Range
10.2.2 Performance of Higher Frequency Microwave Ablation in the Presence of Perfusion
10.3 Reduced‐Diameter, Balun‐Equipped Microwave Ablation Antenna Designs
10.3.1 Antennas with Conventional Coaxial Baluns Implemented on Air‐Filled Coax Sections
10.3.2 Coax‐Fed Antenna with a Tapered Slot Balun
10.4 Balun‐Free Microwave Ablation Antenna Designs
10.4.1 High‐Input Impedance Helical Monopole with an Integrated Impedance‐Matching Section
10.4.2 Low‐Input Impedance Helical Dipole Design
10.5 Toward More Flexibility and Customization in Microwave Ablation Treatment
10.5.1 Ex Vivo Performance of a Flexible Microwave Ablation Antenna
10.5.2 Hybrid Slot/Monopole Antenna with Directional Heating Patterns
10.5.3 Non‐Coaxial‐Based Microwave Ablation Antennas with Symmetric and Asymmetric Heating Patterns
10.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Inkjet‐/3D‐/4D‐Printed Nanotechnology‐Enabled Radar, Sensing, and RFID Modules for Internet of Things, “Smart Skin,” and “Zero Power” Medical Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Batteryless “Green” Powering Schemes for Perpetual Wearables
11.2.1 Wearable Rectennas Compatible with Legacy Wireless Networks
11.2.2 New Opportunities for Power Harvesting from 5G Cellular Networks
11.2.2.1 28‐GHz Rotman Lens‐Based Energy‐Harvesting System
11.2.2.2 Integration of W‐Band Zero‐Bias Diode for Harvesting Applications
11.3 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Low‐Cost, Compact, and Wearable System
11.3.1 Wireless System Packaging for On‐Body Devices
11.3.2 Energy‐Autonomous System‐on‐Package Designs
11.4 Energy‐Autonomous Communications for On‐Body Sensing Networks
11.4.1 Energy‐Autonomous Long‐Range Wearable Sensor Networks
11.4.2 Radar and Backscatter Communications
11.4.2.1 FMCW Radar‐Enabled Localizable Millimeter‐Wave RFID
11.4.3 Flexible and Deployable 4D Origami‐Inspired “Smart Walls” for EMI Shielding and Communication Applications
11.5 Low‐Power Sensors for Wearable Wireless Sensing Systems
11.5.1 Carbon‐Nanomaterials‐Based Fully Inkjet‐Printed Gas Sensors
11.5.2 Energy‐Autonomous Micropump System for Wearable and IoT Microfluidic Sensing Devices
11.5.3 Fully Inkjet‐Printed Encodable Flexible Microfluidic Chipless RFID Sensor
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 High‐Density Electronic Integration for Wearable Sensing
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Brief Comparison of Flexible Conductor Technologies
12.3 Review and History of E‐Fiber‐Based RF Technology
12.4 Fabrication of Conductive Flexile E‐Fiber Surfaces and Loss Performance
12.5 Antennas Using Embroidery‐Based Conductive Surfaces
12.5.1 Patch Antenna for Wireless Power Transfer and Harvesting
12.5.2 Body‐Worn Antenna for Wireless Communication
12.6 Circuits and Systems Using Embroidery‐Based Conductive Surfaces
12.6.1 Far‐Field Radio‐Frequency Power Collection System on Clothing
12.6.2 Near‐Zone Power Collection Using Fabric‐Integrated Antennas
12.7 Voltage‐Controlled Oscillator for Wound‐Sensing Applications
12.8 High‐Density Integration
12.8.1 Interconnect Features on Laminate Substrates
12.8.2 Interconnects on Flex Substrates
12.8.3 Device Assembly
12.8.4 3D Packaging
12.8.5 Applications of High‐Density Packaging in RF and Sensing
12.8.6 High‐Density RF Flex Packaging
12.8.7 Hybrid Flex Sensor‐Processing‐Communication Systems
References
Chapter 13 Coupling‐Independent Sensing Systems with Fully Passive Sensors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Forced vs. Self‐Oscillating Near‐Field Readout
13.3 Readout Techniques
13.3.1 Forced Oscillation Techniques with Nonresonant Primary
13.3.2 Forced Oscillation Techniques with Resonant Primary
13.3.3 Self‐Oscillating Techniques
13.4 Comparison of the State of the Art
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Wireless and Wearable Biomarker Analysis
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sweat‐Based Biomarkers
14.2.1 Metabolites
14.2.2 Electrolytes
14.2.3 Steroids
14.2.4 Proteins
14.2.5 Xenobiotics
14.3 Wearable Chemical Sensing Interfaces
14.3.1 Electroenzymatic Sensors
14.3.2 Ion‐selective Sensing Interfaces
14.3.3 Bioaffinity‐based Sensors
14.3.4 Synthetic Receptor‐based Chemical Sensors
14.3.5 Recognition Element‐free Sensors
14.4 Biofluid Accessibility
14.5 Microfluidic Interfaces
14.5.1 Types of Microfluidic Interfaces
14.5.2 Biofluid Manipulation in Microfluidic Interfaces
14.6 Electronic and Wireless Integration
References
A Antennas and Sensors for Medical Applications: A Representative Literature Review
A.1 Purpose and Scope of the Chapter
A.2 Antennas for Wireless Diagnosis and Treatment
A.2.1 Medical Imaging
A.2.1.1 RF Coil for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
A.2.1.2 Antennas for Microwave Imaging
A.2.2 Telemetries and Wireless Powering
A.2.2.1 Neural Implants
A.2.2.2 Cardiac Implants
A.2.2.3 Wireless Capsule Endoscopy and Wireless Drug Delivery
A.2.3 Microwave Ablations for Localized Tumor Treatment
A.3 Sensors for Wearable Medical Applications
A.3.1 Sensor Classification and Terminologies
A.3.2 Mechanical Sensors
A.3.3 Electrical Sensors
A.3.4 Optical Sensors
A.3.5 Chemical Sensors
A.3.5.1 Electrochemical Sensing Mechanisms
A.3.5.2 Electrochemical Sensing: State of the Art
References
Index
EULA