Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps

FM_O
Preface
References
Contents
Contributors
Part1_O
Part I: Biogeochemical Processes
01_O
Chapter 1: Geochemistry of Cold Hydrocarbon Seeps: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Redox Cascade
1.3 Methane Oxidation
1.4 Seep Carbonate Formation
1.5 Iron and Sulfur Cycling at Seeps
1.6 Isotope Geochemistry of Cold Seeps
1.6.1 Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Seep Carbonates
1.6.2 Carbonate-Clumped Isotopes
1.6.3 C and O Isotopes in Shells of Seep Fauna
1.6.4 Strontium and Neodymium Isotopes
1.6.5 Sulfur Isotopes
1.7 Elemental Geochemistry of Cold Seeps
1.7.1 Rare Earth Elements
1.7.2 Non-lanthanide Elements
1.8 Summary
Appendix
References
02_O
Chapter 2: Biomarkers in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seep Carbonates
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 What Are Biomarkers?
2.1.2 Pioneer Studies on Biomarkers at Cold Seeps
2.2 Basic Guide to Biomarker Studies of Ancient Seeps
2.2.1 Sample Preparation, Lipid Extraction, and Analysis
2.2.2 Effects of Allochthonous Biomarkers, Thermal Maturity, and Biodegradation
2.3 Biomarkers of AOM-Performing Microbes
2.3.1 Biomarkers of ANME Archaea
2.3.2 Biomarkers of SRB Partners
2.4 Biomarkers of Aerobic Methanotrophs
2.5 Stable Carbon Isotope Signatures of Seep-Related Biomarkers
2.5.1 Carbon Isotopic Composition of ANME Biomarkers
2.5.2 Carbon Isotopic Composition of SRB Biomarkers
2.5.3 Carbon Isotopic Composition of Aerobic Methanotroph Biomarkers
2.6 AOM Community and Seep Environment
2.6.1 Factors Controlling the Distribution of AOM Communities
2.6.2 Micro-distribution of AOM Communities in Seep Carbonates
2.7 Future Outlook
References
03_O
Chapter 3: Ancient Seep Carbonates: From Outcrop Appearance to Microscopic Petrography
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Size of Seep Deposits
3.2.1 Extant Seep Deposits
3.2.2 Ancient Seep Deposits
3.3 Macroscopic Appearance
3.3.1 Extant Seep Carbonates
3.3.2 Ancient Seep Carbonates
3.4 Macroscopic Petrography
3.4.1 Extant Seep Carbonates
3.4.2 Ancient Seep Carbonates
3.5 Microscopic Petrography
3.5.1 Extant Seep Carbonates
3.5.2 Ancient Seep Carbonates
3.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
References
Part2_O
Part II: Seep Biota
04_O
Chapter 4: Microbes in Modern and Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Current Knowledge on Extant Systems
4.3 Paths to Fossilization (Taphonomy)
4.4 Microbial Fossil Record at Seeps
4.5 Search Strategy for Future Studies
4.5.1 Targeting Particular Petrofabrics
4.5.2 Utilization of More Focused Technologies
4.5.3 Connection with Clearer Geochemical Proxies
4.6 Conclusions
References
05_O
Chapter 5: Crustaceans in Cold Seep Ecosystems: Fossil Record, Geographic Distribution, Taxonomic Composition, and Biology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Crustaceans in Fossil Cold Seeps: A Quantitative Analysis
5.3 Decapod Crustaceans
5.3.1 Modern Occurrences and Composition
5.3.2 Biology
5.3.3 Fossil Record and Evolution
5.3.3.1 Body Fossils
5.3.3.2 Burrows
5.3.3.3 Fecal Pellets
5.3.3.4 Repair Scars
5.4 Ostracods
5.4.1 Modern Occurrences and Composition
5.4.2 Biology
5.4.3 Fossil Record and Evolution
5.5 Barnacles
5.5.1 Modern Occurrences and Composition
5.5.2 Biology
5.5.3 Fossil Record and Evolution
5.6 Conclusions
References
06_O
Chapter 6: Non-calcareous Tubeworms in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Non-calcareous Tubeworms
6.2.1 Family Siboglinidae
6.2.1.1 Overview
6.2.1.2 Biology
6.2.1.3 Fossil Record and Evolution
6.2.1.4 Classification and Tube Characters
6.2.2 Family Chaetopteridae
6.2.2.1 Overview
6.2.2.2 Biology
6.2.2.3 Fossil Record and Evolution
6.2.2.4 Classification and Tube Characters
6.3 Other Organic Tube Dwellers at Seeps
6.4 Agglutinated Tube Dwellers at Seeps
6.5 Conclusions
References
07_O
Chapter 7: Calcareous Tubeworms in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Calcareous Tubeworms
7.2.1 Family Serpulidae
7.2.1.1 Overview
7.2.1.2 Biology
7.2.1.3 Fossil Record and Evolution
7.2.1.4 Classification and Tube Characters
7.3 Conclusions
References
08_O
Chapter 8: Brachiopods at Hydrocarbon Seeps
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Brachiopod Occurrences at Palaeozoic Hydrocarbon Seeps
8.2.1 Order: Lingulida Waagen, 1885
8.2.2 Order: Rhynchonellida Kuhn, 1949
8.2.3 Order: Atrypida Rzhonsnitskaia, 1960
8.3 Overview of Brachiopod Occurrences at Mesozoic and Cenozoic Hydrocarbon Seeps
8.3.1 Lingulida Waagen, 1885
8.3.2 Rhynchonellida Kuhn, 1949
8.3.3 Order: Terebratulida Waagen, 1883
8.4 Palaeoecological and Evolutionary Patterns: The Elusive Case of Brachiopod-Dominated Seep Communities
8.4.1 Ecological Constraints
8.4.2 Possible Controls on the Brachiopod Versus Bivalve Dominance at Seeps Over Time
8.4.2.1 Palaeogeographic Hypothesis and the Role of the Frasnian-Famennian Crisis
8.4.2.2 Feeding Strategy Hypothesis, with Constraints from Habitat Preferences and Background Seawater Sulphate Chemistry
8.5 Conclusions
References
09_O
Chapter 9: Extant and Fossil Sponges Associated with Hydrothermal Vent and Cold Seep Communities
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Porifera Grant, 1836
9.2.1 Homoscleromorpha Bergquist, 1978
9.2.2 Demospongiae Sollas, 1885
9.2.3 Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870
9.2.4 Calcarea Bowerbank, 1862
9.3 Extant Sponges Associated with Vent and Seep Communities
9.4 Fossil Sponges Associated with Vent and Seep Communities
9.4.1 Cambrian of China
9.4.2 Jurassic of France and Spitsbergen
9.4.3 Cretaceous (Campanian) of Hokkaido, Japan
9.4.4 Paleogene and Neogene of Oregon and Washington, USA
9.5 Discussion and Summary
References
10_O
Chapter 10: Bivalvia in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Family Solemyidae
10.2.1 Fossil Record and Evolution
10.2.2 Classification and Shell Characters
10.3 Family Nucinellidae
10.3.1 Fossil Record and Evolution
10.3.2 Classification and Shell Characters
10.4 Family Mytilidae
10.4.1 Fossil Record and Evolution
10.4.2 Classification and Shell Characters
10.5 Families Modiomorphidae and Kalenteridae
10.5.1 Fossil Record and Evolution
10.5.2 Classification and Shell Characters
10.6 Family Lucinidae
10.6.1 Fossil Record and Evolution
10.6.2 Classification and Shell Characters
10.7 Family Thyasiridae
10.7.1 Fossil Record and Evolution
10.7.2 Classification and Shell Characteristics
10.8 Family Vesicomyidae
10.8.1 Fossil Record and Evolution
10.8.2 Classification and Shell Characters
10.9 The Anomalodesmata
10.10 Conclusions
References
11_O
Chapter 11: A Review of Gastropods at Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Abyssochrysoidea
11.2.1 Hokkaidoconchidae
11.2.2 Abyssochrysidae
11.2.3 Paskentanidae
11.2.4 Alviniconchinae New Subfamily
11.2.5 Desbruyeresidae New Family
11.2.6 Provannidae
11.2.7 Rubyspiridae New Family
11.3 Neomphalida
11.4 Limpets
11.4.1 Cocculinida
11.4.2 Lepetellida
11.4.3 Patellida
11.5 Trochomorph Vetigastropods
11.5.1 Seguenziida
11.5.2 Trochida
11.5.2.1 Colloniidae Cossmann in Cossmann and Peyrot, 1917
11.6 Neritimorpha
11.7 Neogastropoda
11.7.1 Purpurinidae and Pseudotritonidae
11.7.2 Buccinoidea
11.7.3 Conoidea
11.7.4 Muricoidea
11.8 Heterobranchia
11.8.1 Cephalaspidea
11.8.2 Orbitestellidae
11.8.3 Hyalogyrinidae
11.8.4 Xylodisculidae
11.9 Other Groups
11.9.1 Rissoidae
11.9.2 Aporrhaidae
11.9.3 Ampullinidae and Naticidae
11.9.4 Eulimidae
11.10 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
12_O
Chapter 12: Ammonites as Inhabitants of Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Ammonite Paleobiology
12.3 Methane Seep Deposits
12.3.1 Antarctica
12.3.2 Argentina
12.3.3 Canadian Arctic
12.3.4 England
12.3.5 France
12.3.6 Greenland
12.3.7 Japan
12.3.8 Morocco
12.3.9 New Zealand
12.3.10 Novaya Zemlya
12.3.11 Oregon, USA
12.3.12 Spitsbergen (Svalbard)
12.3.13 Turkey
12.3.14 Western Interior, USA
12.4 Conclusions
Appendix
References
13_O
Chapter 13: Echinoderms at Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps and Cognate Communities
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Occurrences
13.2.1 Antarctica
13.2.2 England
13.2.3 France
13.2.4 Germany
13.2.5 Greenland
13.2.6 Italy
13.2.7 Japan
13.2.8 Morocco
13.2.9 Namibia
13.2.10 New Zealand
13.2.11 Novaya Zemlya
13.2.11.1 Poland
13.2.12 Svalbard
13.2.13 Turkey
13.2.14 Washington State, USA
13.2.15 Western Interior, USA
13.3 Conclusions
Appendix
References
14_O
Chapter 14: Vertebrates: Skate and Shark Egg Capsules at Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps
14.1 Overview and Examples
References
Part3_O
Part III: Fossil Seep Ecosystems
15_O
Chapter 15: Methane Seeps in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, USA
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Geologic Setting
15.3 Geomorphology of Seep Deposits
15.4 Geographic Distribution
15.5 Stratigraphic Distribution
15.6 Methods of Study
15.7 Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Composition
15.8 Origin of Methane
15.9 Seep Duration
15.10 Seep Structure and Faunal Distribution
15.11 Faunal Composition
15.11.1 Abundance and Diversity
15.11.2 Background Taxa
15.11.3 Hard Ground Taxa
15.11.4 Ammonites as Seep Inhabitants
15.11.5 Cognate Community
15.12 Paleoenvironment at the Seep
15.12.1 Migration of Methane
15.12.2 Water Depth
15.12.3 Distance from the Shore
15.12.4 Seeps as Refuges
15.12.5 Expression of Seeps on the Sea Floor
15.13 Conclusions
Appendix
References
16_O
Chapter 16: Middle Palaeozoic of Morocco: The Earliest-Known Methane Seep Metazoan Ecosystems
16.1 Overview
16.2 The El Borj Seep, Upper Silurian, Moroccan Meseta
16.2.1 General Description
16.2.2 Stratigraphy and Facies Context
16.2.3 Geochemistry
16.2.4 Fauna
16.3 The Hollard Mound, Middle Devonian, Eastern Anti-Atlas
16.3.1 General Description
16.3.2 Stratigraphy and Facies Context
16.3.3 Geochemistry
16.3.4 Fauna
16.4 The Khenifra Seeps, Late Devonian, Moroccan Meseta
16.4.1 Overview
16.4.2 Stratigraphy and Facies Context
16.4.3 Geochemistry
16.4.4 Fauna
16.5 Seep-Related, But Whether Seep-Obligate? Remarks on the Degree of Seep Specialisation and Some Patterns in the Early Evolution of Seep Communities
16.5.1 Overview
16.5.2 Bivalves
16.5.3 Tube Worms
16.5.4 Brachiopods
16.5.5 Corals
16.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
17_O
Chapter 17: Caribbean Ancient Seep Communities
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Cuba
17.2.1 Location and Accessibility
17.2.2 Age
17.2.3 Brief Description of Sediments
17.2.4 Isotopes
17.2.5 Fauna
17.3 Dominican Republic
17.3.1 Location and Accessibility
17.3.2 Age
17.3.3 Brief Description of Sediments
17.3.4 Isotopes
17.3.5 Fauna
17.4 Barbados
17.4.1 Location and Accessibility
17.4.2 Age
17.4.3 Brief Description of Sediments
17.4.4 Isotopes
17.4.5 Fauna
17.5 Trinidad
17.5.1 Location and Accessibility
17.5.2 Age
17.5.3 Brief Description of Sediments
17.5.4 Isotopes
17.5.5 Fauna
17.6 Venezuela
17.6.1 Location and Accessibility
17.6.2 Age
17.6.3 Brief Description of Sediments
17.6.4 Isotopes
17.6.5 Fauna
17.7 Colombia
17.7.1 Location and Accessibility
17.7.2 Age
17.7.3 Brief Description
17.7.4 Isotopes
17.7.5 Fauna
References
18_O
Chapter 18: Ancient New Zealand Seep Limestones
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Miocene New Zealand Seep Sites
18.2.1 Distribution
18.2.2 Geotectonic Setting
18.2.3 Localities
18.2.3.1 Northern (Gisborne) Sites
18.2.3.2 Southern (Dannevirke) Sites
18.2.4 Fauna
18.3 Cretaceous New Zealand Seep Sites
18.3.1 Distribution
18.3.2 Geotectonic Setting
18.3.3 Localities
18.3.4 Fauna
References
19_O
Chapter 19: Fossil Methane Seep Deposits and Communities from the Mesozoic of Antarctica
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Alexander Island
19.2.1 Location and Geological Setting of AI
19.2.2 Age of ANF
19.2.3 Brief Description of Seep Localities on ALI
19.2.4 Fauna of the GPLB
19.3 James Ross Basin
19.3.1 Location and Geological Setting of the JRB
19.3.2 Age of the JRB Sequence
19.3.3 Description of Fossil Seep Localities in the JRB
19.3.3.1 Carbonate Bodies and ‘Thyasira’ Occurrences on Snow Hill Island
19.3.3.2 Carbonate Concretions and ‘Thyasira’ Occurrences on Seymour Island
19.3.4 Fauna of the JRB Methane Seeps
References
20_O
Chapter 20: Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps of the World
20.1 Introduction
References
BM_O
Glossary
Aa
Bb
Cc
Dd
Ee
Ff
Gg
Hh
Ii
Kk
Ll
Mm
Nn
Oo
Pp
Rr
Ss
Tt
Vv
Ww
Yy
Zz
References
Index_O
Index