Reviewing the analytical strategies used in the study of cultural heritage assets such as movable artworks and archaeological items, and immovable objects like mural paintings, archaeological sites and historical buildings, this book pays particular attention to analytical methodology. It is not always necessary to use new and sophisticated instrumentation, what is important is how the instruments are used to obtain reliable, reproducible and repetitive results in view of the problems to be solved. The book considers the influence of the environment on the conservation state including degradation and how modern analytical methods have improved the analysis of materials. It emphasizes multi-method approaches on a range of materials, an approach that is of keen interest to those working in conservation practice.
Primarily aimed at final year undergraduate study and masters level students, it would also be useful as supplementary reading for postgraduates and academics who require analytical techniques to enhance their research.
Author(s): Juan Manuel Madariaga
Series: Detection Science Series
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 318
City: London
Cover
Analytical Strategies for Cultural Heritage Materials and Their Degradation
Preface
Contents
Part 1 - Introduction to Analytical Strategies for
Cultural Heritage
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Analytical Strategies for Cultural Heritage
1.1 Aims and Scope of This Book
1.2 Role of Analytical Chemistry in Cultural Heritage Projects
1.3 Analytical Strategies in Cultural Heritage
1.3.1 Homogeneity of the Sample(s) Under Analysis
1.3.2 Representativeness of the Samples Analysed with Respect to the Whole Cultural Heritage Element
1.3.3 Accuracy and Precision Required
1.3.4 Constraints Around the Sample to Be Analysed
1.3.5 Selection of a Suitable Method
1.3.6 Quality Control and Quality Assurance of the Process
1.3.7 Critical Analysis of Results, Including Their Overall Uncertainty
1.3.8 Chemometric Analysis of the Data and Chemical Modelling
1.4 The Analytical Strategies and Techniques Considered in This Book
1.5 Other Methods of Analytical Chemistry Not Considered in This Book
1.6 Further More Specialized Reading
1.7 Conclusion
References
Part 2 - Non-destructive Elemental Characterization of Cultural Heritage Materials
Chapter 2 - X- Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Techniques
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamentals of X- ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
2.3 The Use of X- ray Fluorescence Spectrometry as the Key Analytical Technique for CH Materials
2.4 X- ray Fluorescence Imaging Techniques
2.5 Synchrotron Radiation with X- ray Detection
2.6 The Multianalytical Approach
2.7 Chemometric Methods and Modelling
2.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 - Open- air Laser- induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
3.1 Introduction – What is LIBS
3.2 Instrumentation
3.2.1 Laser Source
3.2.2 Laser Focusing
3.2.3 Collection Optics
3.2.4 Spectrometer
3.2.5 Mobile Instruments and Remote Analysis
3.3 Analysis by LIBS
3.3.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
3.4 Applications in Heritage Science and the Multianalytical Approach
3.4.1 LIBS Combined with Other Analytical Techniques
3.5 Examples and Case Studies
3.5.1 Metal Objects
3.5.2 Pigments and Paints
3.5.3 Clay and Pottery
3.5.4 Stone Objects and Monuments
3.5.5 Glass and Obsidian
3.5.6 Paleoclimate Studies
3.5.7 Biomaterials
3.6 Summary and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 4 - Synchrotron Radiation Sources for Characterization at the Microscopic Level
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synchrotron Radiation Sources
4.3 Elemental Analysis Using Synchrotron Sources
4.3.1 Micro- X- ray Fluorescence
4.3.2 X- ray Absorption Spectroscopy
4.4 Molecular Analysis with Synchrotron Sources
4.4.1 Micro- X- ray Diffraction
4.4.2 Micro- infrared Spectroscopy
4.5 Conclusion
References
Part 3 - The Molecular Characterization of Cultural Heritage Materials
Chapter 5 - Infrared Spectroscopy- based Techniques
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamentals of Infrared Spectroscopy
5.3 Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy
5.4 Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy
5.5 Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy and Fiber Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS)
5.6 Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
5.7 The Process of Elucidating the Unknown Compounds in Samples
5.8 Infrared Micro- spectroscopy and Imaging Techniques
5.9 Synchrotron Radiation with Infrared Detection
5.10 The Multianalytical Approach
5.11 Chemometric Methods
5.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 - Raman Spectroscopy
6.1 Raman Spectroscopy in Cultural Heritage Research: A Brief History
6.2 The Raman Effect
6.3 Instrumental Approaches and Raman Spectroscopic Techniques
6.3.1 Benchtop Raman Spectroscopy
6.3.2 Direct and In- field Analysis
6.3.3 Microscale Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (Micro- SORS)
6.3.4 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (RRS)
6.3.5 Surface- enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
6.3.6 Mapping
6.4 Pitfalls
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7 - Separation Methods
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamental Terminology
7.3 Liquid Chromatography
7.4 Gas Chromatography
7.5 Thin- layer Chromatography
7.6 Common Detectors
References
Part 4 - The Multianalytical Approach to Cultural Heritage Materials and its Degradations
Chapter 8 - Open- air Sculptures and Public Art
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Factors Endangering Immovable Cultural Heritage Materials
8.2.1 Anthropogenic Factors
8.2.2 Environmental Factors
8.2.2.1 Stone Artworks
8.2.2.2 Metallic Artworks
8.2.3 Biological Factors
References
Chapter 9 - Spectroscopic Study of Pigments and Binders in Works of Art
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Visual and Microscopic Examination
9.3 Non- invasive Analysis
9.4 Some Considerations on Sample Removal and on the Preparation of Cross- sections
9.5 Issues Concerning the Protocols for the Chemical Analysis of Samples
9.6 Conclusion: Contextualizing, Documenting, Reporting and Contributing to Propose a Course of Action
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10 - Rock Art
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sampling
10.3 Instrumentation
10.4 Calibration and Optimization of Instruments
10.5 Problems
10.6 Pigments and Binders in Rock Art
10.7 Alteration, Deterioration and Conservation
10.8 Dating
10.9 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11 - Buried Archaeological Materials
11.1 Burial Environments
11.2 Main Causes of Degradation of Archaeological Materials
11.3 Investigating Archaeological Buried Materials
11.3.1 Ceramics
11.3.2 Metals
11.3.3 Bones
11.3.4 Leather
11.3.5 Wood
11.3.6 Textiles
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 - Polychrome Enamels, Ceramics and Glasses and Their Degradation
12.1 Definitions
12.2 Pottery, Glass and Enamelled Artefacts: a Brief Historical Overview
12.3 Chemical and Physical Specificity of Ceramics and Glass
12.3.1 Preparation
12.3.2 Compositions, Phases and Nanostructures
12.3.3 Mechanical Properties
12.3.4 Chemical Reactivity
12.4 Analytical Procedures
12.4.1 Materials, Techniques and Characteristics
12.4.2 On- site Analysis
12.4.3 Specific Analytical Methods
12.5 Degradation
12.5.1 Mechanisms of corrosion
12.5.2 Lixiviation and Micro- cracking
12.5.3 Oxidation
12.5.4 Biological Alterations
12.5.5 Cleaning, Restoration and Conservation
12.6 Degradation as a Dating Tool
12.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13 - Organic Residues from Archaeological Findings
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Archaeological Remains Studied by Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
13.2.1 Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
13.2.2 Gas Chromatography- Combustion- Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for the Study of Lipid Residues
13.2.3 High- resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) Coupled with Liquid Chromatography
13.2.4 Detection of Secondary Lipid Metabolites
13.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Subject Index
