Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) uniquely combine superparamagnetic performance with dimensions that are smaller than or similar size to molecular analytes. Recently, functionalized MNPs are predicted to be a driver for technology and business in this century and hold the promise of high performance materials that will significantly influence all aspects of society. Functionalized MNPs are creating new possibilities for development and innovation in different analytical procedures. Despite their participation in modern development, they are in their infancy and largely unexplored for their practical applications in analysis.
This book will provide quality research and practical guidance to analytical scientists, researchers, engineers, quality control experts and laboratory specialists. It covers applications of functionalized MNPs in all stages of analytical procedures. Their incorporation has opened new possibilities for sensing, extraction and detection enabling an increase in sensitivity, magnifying precision and improvement in the detection limit of modern analysis. Toxicity, safety, risk, and legal aspects of functionalized MNPs and the future of analytical chemistry with respect to their use is covered. The book provides an integrated approach for advanced analytical methods and techniques for postgraduates and researchers looking for a reference outlining new and advanced techniques surrounding the applications of functionalized nanomaterials in analytical chemistry.
Author(s): Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 628
City: London
Cover
Dedication
Preface
About the Editor
Contents
Section 1. Introduction
Chapter 1 Analytical Applications of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles (Introduction)
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sample Preparation Techniques
1.3 Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction (MSPE)
1.4 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
1.5 Application of MSPE
1.6 Force Interactions Between Analytes and Sorbents
1.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 Design of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Improving Stabilization, Biocompatibility and Uptake Efficiency
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Design of Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles (FMNPs)
2.3 Synthetic Route to FMNPs
2.4 Chemical Design of FMNPs
2.4.1 Metal-based Magnetic Nanoparticles (MMNPs)
2.4.2 Metal Alloy-based Magnetic Nanostructures (MAMNs)
2.4.3 Metal Oxide-based Magnetic Nanoparticles (MOMNPs)
2.4.4 Metallic Carbides and Nitride-based Magnetic Nanostructures (MC/NMNs)
2.4.5 Multifunctional Nanoparticle-based Magnetic Nanostructures (MNMNs)
2.5 Physicochemical Features of FMNPs
2.5.1 NP Size
2.5.2 NP Crystallinity
2.5.3 Chemical Composition
2.5.4 Surface Potential
2.5.5 Interfacial Interactions
2.5.6 Magnetism
2.6 Surface Functionalization and Biocompatibility
2.6.1 Surface Stability
Organic/Inorganic Coatings
2.6.2 Organic Coating Materials
2.6.3 Inorganic Coating Materials
2.6.4 Biocompatibility of FMNPs
2.7 Biomedical Applications of FMNPs
2.7.1 FMNPs as Biosensors
2.7.2 FMNPs for Protein Purification/Bioseparation
2.7.3 FMNPs as Contrast Agents for MRI
2.7.4 FMNPs for Targeted Drug Delivery
2.7.5 FMNPs for Magnetic Hyperthermia
2.8 Future Trends and Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3 Improvement of Adsorbing Properties of Magnetic Nanomaterials by Bioorganic Substrate-mediating Synthesis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles
3.2.1 Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles
3.2.2 Preparation of Iron-containing Hydroxyapatite
3.2.3 Functionalized Nanoscale Magnetic Particles
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 Mnp, Mnp@YM4 and Mnp@YM10 Characterization
3.3.2 YM–Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles. Adsorption of MB
3.3.3 Fe-nAp and SBO–Fe-nAp Characterization
3.3.4 Fe-nAp and SBO–Fe-nAp: Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II)
3.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Section 2: Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles in Sample Pre-treatment
Chapter 4 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles in Sample Pre-treatment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Different Magnetic Nanoparticles for Extraction and their Magnetic Behavior
4.3 The Necessity of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
4.4 Sample Preparation Techniques
4.5 Types of Functionalized Magnetic Materials
4.6 Application of Functionalized MNPs with Silica
4.7 Application of Functionalized MNPs with Octadecylsilane (ODS)
4.8 Application of Functionalized MNPs with a Carbon-based Material
4.9 Activated Carbon-based Magnetic Nanoparticles
4.10 Graphene-based Magnetic Nanoparticles
4.11 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-based Magnetic Materials
4.12 Surfactant-modified Magnetic Materials
4.13 Polymer-modified Magnetic Nanoparticles
4.14 Extraction Techniques
4.14.1 Functionalized MNPs in Solid-Phase Extraction
4.14.2 Functionalized MNPs in Magnetic Solid-phase Extraction
4.15 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5 Application of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Organic Analyte Extraction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Polymeric Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles Based on Allotropic Forms of Carbon
5.4 Metal Organic Framework Coatings
5.5 Covalent Organic Framework Coatings
5.6 Ionic Liquids
5.7 Miscellaneous
5.8 Conclusions
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6 Graphene-based Sorbents for Modern Magnetic Solid-phase Extraction Techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Graphene-based Magnetic Sorbents
6.2.1 Preparation of Graphene-based Magnetic Sorbents
6.3 Functionalization of Graphene-based Magnetic Sorbents
6.3.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)
6.3.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
6.3.3 Ionic Liquids (ILs) and Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs)
6.3.4 Boronate Affinity Materials (BAM)
6.3.5 Supramolecules
6.3.6 Aptamers
6.3.7 Miscellaneous Functionalities
6.4 Characterization of Graphene-based Magnetic Sorbents
6.5 Modern Applications of Graphene-based Magnetic Sorbents
6.5.1 Applications on the Extraction of Organic Pollutants
6.5.2 Applications on the Extraction of Inorganic Pollutants
6.5.3 Applications on the Extraction of Biological Macromolecules
6.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7 Magnetic Nanoparticles as an Efficient Tool for Analyte Extraction: Challenges and New Opportunities
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sample Pre-treatment: A Key Step in Analytical Determination
7.3 MNPs for Analyte Extraction
7.3.1 Environmental Applications
7.3.2 Food Applications
7.3.3 Biological Applications
7.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Solid-phase Extraction
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Principles and Methods
8.3 Material Selection and Design
8.3.1 Magnetic Core
8.3.2 Particle Coating and Functionalization
8.4 Applications of MSPE
8.4.1 Environmental Applications
8.4.2 Food Applications
8.4.3 Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications
Abbreviations
References
Section 3: Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Separation/ Identification Stage of Analysis
Chapter 9 Use of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles in Modern Separation Techniques
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis of MNPs
9.2.1 Thermal Decomposition Technique
9.2.2 Sol–Gel Synthesis
9.2.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis
9.2.4 Coprecipitation Technique
9.2.5 Microemulsion-based Synthesis
9.2.6 Flow Injection Synthesis
9.2.7 Aerosol/Vapor-phase-based Synthesis
9.3 Chromatography: An Overview
9.3.1 Considerations for an Effective Chromatographic Separation
9.3.2 Functionalized MNPs in GC
9.3.3 Liquid Chromatography (LC)
9.4 Application of Functionalized MNPs in Separation Techniques
9.4.1 Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction (MSPE)
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Chromatographic Applications of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Preparation Techniques for MNPs
10.2.1 Thermal Decomposition Approach
10.2.2 Co-precipitation Approach
10.2.3 Sol–Gel Process
10.2.4 Hydrothermal Technique
10.2.5 Microemulsion Technique
10.2.6 Flow Injection Technique
10.2.7 Aerosol/Vapor-phase-based Approaches
10.3 Chromatographic Applications of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
10.3.1 Capillary Electrochromatography (CEC)
10.3.2 Chip-based Chromatography
10.4 Conclusions
References
Section 4: Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles in Detection Stage of Analysis/Miniturization devices
Chapter 11 Functionalized MNPs in Detection Stage of Analysis/ Miniaturization Devices
11.1 Transduction Methods in Sensing Based on MNPs
11.1.1 Electrochemical
11.1.2 Optical
11.1.3 Piezoelectric
11.1.4 Magnetic Field
11.2 Applications of MNPs in Detection Analysis
11.2.1 Biomolecules and Cells
11.2.2 Organic Compounds
11.2.3 Ions and Inorganic Compounds
References
Chapter 12 MNP-based Sensor Development to Evaluate Food Quality and Safety
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sensors
12.2.1 Sensor Classification and Properties
12.2.2 NP Properties for NP-based Sensors
12.3 MNP-based Sensor
12.3.1 MNP-based Sensors for Food Safety
12.3.2 MNP-based Sensors for Food Quality
12.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle (MNPs)-based Biosensors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthesis, Properties and Characterization of MNPs
13.3 Biosensors Based on MNPs
13.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
13.3.2 Optical Biosensors
13.3.3 Piezoelectric Biosensors
13.3.4 Magnetic Field Biosensors
13.4 Enzyme-based Biosensors
13.4.1 Glucose-based Biosensors
13.4.2 Cholesterol-based Biosensors
13.5 Conclusions and Future Trends
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 14 Sensing Applications by Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Analytical Strategies Based on Optical Sensing
14.2.1 UV–Visible Absorbance
14.2.2 Luminescence
14.2.3 Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
14.3 Analytical Strategies Based on Electrochemical Sensing
14.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 14 Magnetoresistance-based Biosensors
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Magnetoresistive Sensors
15.2.1 Anisotropy Magnetoresistance Sensors
15.2.2 Giant Magnetoresistance Sensors
15.2.3 Tunnel Magnetoresistance Sensors
15.2.4 Spin-Valves and Pseudo Spin-Valves
15.3 MNPs in MR-based Biosensors
15.3.1 High Magnetic Moment
15.3.2 Biocompatibility
15.3.3 Colloidal Stability
15.4 Functionalization
15.5 Assays for MR-based Biosensors
15.5.1 Direct Assay
15.5.2 Sandwich Assay
15.5.3 Competitive Assay
15.6 Device Concept
15.6.1 Magnetic Tags
15.6.2 Magnetic Field Sensor
15.6.3 Sensor Surface Passivation and Functionalization
15.6.4 Magnetic Field Source
15.6.5 Microfluidic Channel
15.6.6 Readout Electronic
15.7 Future Perspectives
Websites of Interest
Acknowledgements
References
Section 5: Other Analytical Applications Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
Chapter 16 Analytical Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-decorated Magnetic Nanoparticles
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Generalities
16.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles
16.2.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
16.3 Preparation of MIP-decorated MNPs
16.3.1 Preparation and Modification of MNPs
16.3.2 Decoration of MNPs by MIPs
16.4 Characterization of MIP-decorated MNPs
16.4.1 Morphological Characterization
16.4.2 Structural Characterization
16.4.3 Magnetic Characterization
16.4.4 Adsorption Characterization
16.5 Application of MIP-decorated MNPs for Solid-phase Extraction
16.5.1 Introduction to Solid-phase Extraction (SPE) and Dispersive SPE
16.5.2 Application of Magnetic MIPs in Dispersive Solid-phase Extraction
16.6 MIP-decorated MNPs for Sensing
16.6.1 MIP-decorated MNPs for Electrochemical Sensors
16.6.2 MIP-decorated MNPs for Optical Sensors
16.7 Recent Advances in the Analytical Applications of Magnetic MIPs
16.7.1 Food Safety
16.7.2 Emerging Pollutants
16.7.3 Disease Biomarkers
16.7.4 Medical Treatment and Drugs
16.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17 Characterization of Functional Magnetic Nanoparticle-modified Polymeric Composites by Computer Modeling
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Computer Modeling
17.2.1 Fundamental of Electro-magnetic Wave
17.2.2 Effective Permittivity and Permeability of Nanocomposites
17.2.3 Analytical Calculation of Effective Permittivity and Effective Permeability
17.2.4 Modeling of Nanocomposites
17.3 Results and Discussion
17.3.1 Effect of Distribution of Cubic Nanoparticles
17.3.2 Effect of Shape and Orientation of Nanoparticles
17.3.3 More Result Displays of the Randomly Distributed Nanoparticle Model
17.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 18 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle-based Sensors for Point-of-care Applications: From the Preparation to Practical Application
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Preparation and Functionalization of MNPs
18.2.1 Preparation of MNPs
18.2.2 Functionalization of MNPs
18.3 Point-of-care Approaches
18.4 fMNP-based Sensors for PoC Applications
18.5 Conclusions
Important Websites
References
Chapter 19 Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and Functionalized MNPs
19.1 Introduction
19.2 On Industry 4.0
19.3 Enabling Technologies
19.4 On Artificial Intelligence and Machine/Deep Learning
19.5 Nanotechnology: Applications of Functionalized Nanoparticles
19.6 Targeted Transport of Medicines (Drug Delivery) and Genes
19.7 Physiological Tissues Treatment
19.8 Metals
19.9 Conclusions
Websites of Interest
References
Section 6: Toxicity, Safety and Risk and Legal Aspects of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
Chapter 20 Important Aspects of Safety, Risk & ELSI of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Analytical Purposes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Toxicity of FMNPs
20.3 Biodistribution and Bioelimination of Nanoparticles
20.4 Mechanism of NP Toxicity
20.5 Toxicity Effect on the Environment: Nanoecotoxicity
20.6 Toxicity Effect on Human Health
20.6.1 In Vitro Research on FMNPs
20.6.2 In Vivo Research on FMNPs
20.7 Risk Assessment of FMNPs
20.7.1 Dose–Response Assessment
20.7.2 Exposure Assessment
20.8 Ethical Issues
20.9 Conclusion and Future Trends
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs): Toxicity, Safety and Legal Aspects of Functionalized MNPs
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Physicochemical Properties of Functionalizedand Unfunctionalized-MNPs and Their Influence on Toxicity
21.3 Toxicological Testing
21.3.1 In Vitro Testing of Functionalized-MNPs
21.3.2 In Vivo Toxicity of Functionalized MNPs
21.4 Comparison Between In Vitro and In Vivo
Toxicity Studies of Coated and Bare MNPs
21.4.1 In Vitro Toxicity Comparative Studies of Coated and
Bare MNPs
21.4.2 In Vivo Toxicity Comparative Studies of Coated and
Bare MNPs
21.5 Legal Aspects of Functionalized MNPs
21.6 Conclusion
Abbreviations
Websites of Interest
References
Section 7: Conclusion: The Future of Analytical Chemistry
Chapter 22 Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Tomorrow’s Applications
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Intriguing Features of Nanoparticles
22.1.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
22.1.3 Stabilizing Magnetic Nanoparticles
22.1.4 Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles
22.1.5 Future Prospects
22.2 Conclusion
Websites of Interest
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 23 Future of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles in Analytical Chemistry
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Future Scope of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles in Analytical Applications
23.2.1 Application of Functionalized MNPs in Sample Preparation
23.2.2 Scope of Functionalized MNPs in Biological Synthesis
23.2.3 Use of Functionalized MNPs in the Medical Field
23.2.4 Other Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
23.3 Conclusion
References
Subject Index
