An Introduction to Game Theory

This document was uploaded by one of our users. The uploader already confirmed that they had the permission to publish it. If you are author/publisher or own the copyright of this documents, please report to us by using this DMCA report form.

Simply click on the Download Book button.

Yes, Book downloads on Ebookily are 100% Free.

Sometimes the book is free on Amazon As well, so go ahead and hit "Search on Amazon"

Author(s): Levent Kockesen, Efe A. Ok
Year: 2007

Language: English
Pages: 141
Tags: game theory

Table of Contents
1 Introduction 5
1.1 What is Game Theory? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Our Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Strategic Form Games with Complete Information 21
2.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Strategic Form Solution Concepts 29
3.1 Dominant Strategy Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Dominance Solvability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Nash Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4 Nash Equilibrium and Dominant/Dominated Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.5 Difficulties with Nash Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.1 A Nash equilibrium may involve a weakly dominated action by some players. 48
4 Strategic Form Games: Applications 55
5 Mixed Strategy Equilibrium 71
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 Mixed Strategies and Expected Payoffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.3 Mixed Strategy Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.4 Dominated Actions and Mixed Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6 Bayesian Games 79
6.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.2 Bayesian Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.3 Some Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
6.3.1 Large Battle of the Sexes with incomplete information . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.3.2 Cournot Duopoly with incomplete information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7 Extensive Form Games with Perfect Information 85
7.1 Extensive Form Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.1.1 Game Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.1.2 Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.2 Backward Induction Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.2.1 Commitment and Mover Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.3 Game Trees: A More Formal Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.4 Strategic Form of an Extensive Form Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.5 Extensive Form Games with Imperfect Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7.5.1 Subgames and Subgame Perfect Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8 Extensive Form Games: Applications 99
8.1 Bargaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.1.1 Ultimatum Bargaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.1.2 Alternating Offers Bargaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.1.3 Unique Subgame Perfect Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.1.4 Properties of the Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9 Repeated Games 107
9.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9.3 Equilibria of Infinitely Repeated Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
10 Auctions 117
10.1 Independent Private Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
10.1.1 Second Price Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
10.1.2 First Price Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
10.1.3 All-Pay Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
10.2 Revenue Equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
10.3 Common Values and The Winner’s Curse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
10.4 Auction Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
10.4.1 Need for a Reserve Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
10.4.2 Common Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
10.4.3 Risk-Averse Bidders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1274 TABLE OF CONTENTS
10.4.4 Practical Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
11 Extensive Form Games with Incomplete Information 131
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
11.2 Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
11.3 Signalling Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137